Physics: A Brief Guide to Library Resources

Since the early 1990s the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of powder diffraction data has undergone something of a revolution in its ability to do just that: yield important structural information beyond the average crystal structure of a material. With the advent of advanced sources, computing and algorithms, it is now useful for studying the structure of nanocrystals, clusters and molecules in solution or otherwise disordered in space, nanoporous materials and things intercalated into them, and to look for local distortions and defects in crystals. It can be used in a time-resolved way to study structural changes taking place during synthesis and in operating devices, and to map heterogeneous systems. Although the experiments are somewhat straightforward, there can be a gap in knowledge when trying to use PDF to extract structural information by modelling. This book addresses this gap and guides the reader through a series of real life worked examples that gradually increase in complexity so the reader can have the independence and confidence to apply PDF methods to their own research and answer their own scientific questions. The book is intended for graduate students and other research scientists who are new to PDF and want to use the methods but are unsure how to take the next steps to get started.

Uniquely organized by chemical rather than mathematical topics, this book relates each mathematical technique to the chemical concepts where it applies. The new edition features additional, revised, and updated material in every chapter and maintains the clarity of the previous edition with the appropriate organization of topics and improved cross-referencing where mathematical techniques occur more than once. The text contains additional worked examples and end-of-chapter exercises with detailed solutions・giving students the opportunity to apply previously introduced techniques to chemically related problems. It is an ideal course companion for chemistry courses throughout the length of a degree. Features ◾ This book covers the difficult area of mathematics in an easy-to-read format for students and professionals in chemistry and related subjects. ◾ Structured according to chemical rather than mathematical topics. ◾ Each topic has at least 12 end of chapter applied chemistry problems to provide practice in applying the techniques to real chemistry. ◾ Indexing of material by both chemical and mathematical topics. ◾ Extends its utility as a concise and practical reference for professionals in a wide array of scientific disciplines involving chemistry.

The Chemical Dialogue Between Plants and Beneficial Microorganisms provides foundational insights on plant beneficial microorganisms and their impact on the health and productivity of plants. Providing in-depth and recent updates about unexplored aspects of plant microbes interactions, the book includes the biological repertoire of arbuscular mycorrhizal association, molecular architecture of Rhizobium-plant symbiosis, and endophytes in transcriptional plasticity during host colonization by endophytes. The book also includes details about the mechanism of different plant beneficial microorganisms, how these differ, and their cross signaling. This book will be an important reference for researchers working on different plant beneficial microorganisms and their molecular arsenal. Includes coverage of oxylipins?and sterols in inducing systemic responses Explores the role of microbes in transcriptional plasticity of host plants Highlights the biology of vegetative cells, N2-fixing vesicles, and microbial volatiles in plant growth

Silicon, germanium, and compound semiconductors, among which silicon carbide, gallium arsenide and gallium nitride are the most representative examples, play a withstanding role in the world economy, since they were and still are the keys for the advancement of modern microelectronics and optoelectronics, with a wealth of sister technologies relevant for renewable energy solutions and advanced spectroscopy applications. This textbook will cover the synthesis, spectroscopic characterisation and optimisation of semiconductor materials, accounting for the most recent developments in the field of nanomaterials. It will be of great interest for scholars and instructors to have the chance to look at semiconductor science with a basic chemical approach. Homopolar semiconductors (silicon and germanium) are examined first, considering the role of these materials in modern microelectronics and in photovoltaics. Compound semiconductors (for example, carbides, arsenides, tellurides, nitrides) are also discussed in detail, considering that the chemistry of their preparation is even more critical and their role in photonic applications is strategic. Authored by a leading expert in the field, this easily accessible text is appropriate for advanced undergraduates and postgraduates studying materials science and technology.

Environmental Soil Chemistry, Third Edition provides an up-to-date overview of the interdisciplinary field of environmental soil chemistry. This classic text covers the fundamental principles of soil chemistry, including the inorganic and organic components of soil, soil porewater chemistry, interfacial chemical reactions between solids and dissolved ions/molecules, ion exchange, and the kinetics of the soil chemical process, such as sorption and redox. Soil acidity and salinity are also discussed. This fully updated third edition places particular emphasis on environmental reactions between clay minerals, metal oxides, and soil organic matter with heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial contaminants. This text provides the latest technological advances representing the cutting edge of the science. Completely updated throughout with new content and updated full color figures, the third edition contains expanded information on soil minerals and an increased emphasis on the coupling between chemical and biological reactions, mechanisms, and processes. This third edition provides upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in soil science with sound contemporary training in the basics of soil chemistry and applications to real-world environmental concerns. The book offers a competitive advantage for those students looking to incorporate novel, advanced tools into their research.

Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry A hands-on resource advocating an ordered approach to gathering and interpreting NMR data The second edition of Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry delivers a pragmatic and accessible text demonstrating an ordered approach to gathering and interpreting NMR data. In this informal guide, you'll learn to make sense of the high density of NMR information through the authors' problem-solving strategies and interpretations. The book also discusses critical aspects of NMR theory, as well as data acquisition and processing strategy. It explains the use of NMR spectroscopy for dealing with problems of small organic molecule structural elucidation and includes a brand-new chapter on Nitrogen-15 NMR. Readers will also find: Strategies for preparing a sample, spectrum acquisition, processing, and interpreting your spectrum Fulsome discussions of Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy Practical treatments of quantification, safety procedures, and relevant software An ideal handbook for anyone involved in using NMR to solve structural problems, this latest edition of Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry will be particularly useful for chemists running and looking at their own NMR spectra, as well as those who work in small molecule NMR. It will also earn a place in the libraries of undergraduate and post-graduate organic chemistry students.

Improving Stress Resilience in Plants: Physiological and Biochemical Basis and Utilization in Breeding addresses the urgent need for improved understanding of major plant stress tolerance mechanisms, the identification of the genes and gene products that are key to improving those mechanisms and means of optimizing those genes through molecular approaches. With a focus on plant physiological and biochemical attributes at both cellular and whole plant levels, this book includes the latest information on crosstalk between the various signaling molecules and quantitative trait locus (QTL). Further, it explores the extension of these mechanisms to breeding approaches, confirming overall understanding and inspiring further research. Written by a team of global experts, and presented in three thematic sections, the book provides insights into physical adaptations, metabolism and pathways, and breeding techniques including CRISPR and conventional approaches to reduce the negative effects of stresses and improve crop yield even under stress conditions. Improving Stress Resilience in Plants: Physiological and Biochemical Basis and Utilization in Breeding is ideal for researchers, academics and advanced students seeking to improve stress tolerance among crop plants and developing key future strategies for sustainable food production. Explores key strategies, including signaling molecules and Quantitative Trait Locus (QTLs) Highlights stress mitigating agents for improved crop yield Provides an integrated and holistic overview, enabling and inspiring further research toward improved food security

Mathematics for Physical Chemistry, Fifth Edition includes exercises that enable readers to test their understanding and put theory into practice. Chapters are constructed around a sequence of mathematical topics, progressing gradually into more advanced material, before discussing key mathematical skills, including the analysis of experimental data and--new to this edition--complex variables. Includes additional new content on Mathematica and its advanced applications. Drawing on the experience of its expert authors, this book is the ideal supplementary text for practicing chemists and students wanting to sharpen their mathematics skills and understanding of key mathematical concepts for applications across physical chemistry.

A compelling and innovative account that reshapes our view of nineteenth-century chemistry, explaining a critical period in chemistry's quest to understand and manipulate organic nature. According to existing histories, theory drove chemistry's remarkable nineteenth-century development. In Molecular World, Catherine M. Jackson shows instead how novel experimental approaches combined with what she calls "laboratory reasoning" enabled chemists to bridge wet chemistry and abstract concepts and, in so doing, create the molecular world. Jackson introduces a series of practice-based breakthroughs that include chemistry's move into lampworked glassware, the field's turn to synthesis and subsequent struggles to characterize and differentiate the products of synthesis, and the gradual development of institutional chemical laboratories, an advance accelerated by synthesis and the dangers it introduced. Jackson's historical reassessment emerges from the investigation of alkaloids by German chemists Justus Liebig, August Wilhelm Hofmann, and Albert Ladenburg. Stymied in his own research, Liebig steered his student Hofmann into pioneering synthesis as a new investigative method. Hofmann's practice-based laboratory reasoning produced a major theoretical advance, but he failed to make alkaloids. That landmark fell to Ladenburg, who turned to cutting-edge theory only after his successful synthesis. In telling the story of these scientists and their peers, Jackson reveals organic synthesis as the ground chemists stood upon to forge a new relationship between experiment and theory-with far-reaching consequences for chemistry as a discipline.

Solving Problems with Microscopy Comprehensive resource, based on real case examples, on the ability of the microscope for solving problems This book takes a "why to" rather than the common "how to" approach to demonstrate the capabilities of microscopy to solve problems. It provides entertaining and informative case examples and lessons regarding the unique value the microscope brings to problem solving by experienced scientists in various industries, including criminal and civil forensic science, manufacturing, environmental science, pharmaceutical science, cultural heritage, and biological sciences. Sample topics covered in this learning resource include: History of problem solving with microscopy Fortune favors the prepared mind The value of multiple associations The importance of context Knowing your limitations (i.e. knowing what you don't know) Microscopists and other professional scientists who use microscopy can harness the information in this book to make better and more informed decisions by improving their problem-solving strategies and processes.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are extensively used in consumer products, despite their high persistence and other hazards. The risks posed by this chemical class to human health and the environment, which are increasingly becoming understood, have triggered regulation and policy changes. However, safer alternatives to these technically effective materials and methods to discover and use those alternatives are still under development. Remediation of PFAS contaminated sites will not solve the growing worldwide pollution, but substitution with safer substances at the formulation and manufacturing phases will at least abate the flow of PFASs into our bodies and environment. Introducing safer alternatives to some of the PFASs of concern used in select industry sectors, this book informs the reader about the processes of chemical hazard and alternatives assessment that can foster innovation. It is a valuable resource for both green chemists and industrial chemists interested in how they can make their products safer without compromising on function.

Humans have always been fascinated by the possibility of extraterrestrial life, often wondering if we are alone in the universe. Drawing on nearly fifty years as a leader in planetary exploration, Louis Friedman brings into focus the subject of extraterrestrial life, separating knowledge from conjecture, fact from fiction, to draw scientific and technical conclusions that answer this enduring question. Friedman argues that intelligent life is probably rare in the universe (maybe even uniquely on Earth) but that simple life is likely abundant on millions or billions of planets waiting now to be discovered. He asserts that studying and searching for extraterrestrial life cannot be done by interstellar probes--due to the vastness of space and the comparative brevity of human lifespans--but it can be done remotely by a new technique involving the solar gravity lens that can magnify exoplanets by tens of billions. This technique will allow humankind to explore exoplanets and open up an exciting new field of comparative astrobiology. Wide-ranging in scope, this book discusses the history of searching for extraterrestrial life, the scientific evidence thereof, and finally his own conclusions on what's next. Included in the book are three appendices: an explanation of interstellar messaging, a reprint of a debate between Carl Sagan and Ernst Mayr on extraterrestrial intelligence, and an opinion essay on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

APPLICATION OF AMBIENT PRESSURE X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY TO CATALYSIS Authoritative and detailed reference on ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for practitioners and researchers starting in the field Application of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Catalysis introduces a relatively new analytical method and its applications to chemistry, energy, environmental, and materials sciences, particularly the field of heterogeneous catalysis, covering its background and historical development, its principles, the instrumentation required to use it, analysis of data collected with it, and the challenges it faces. The features of this method are described early in the text; the starting chapters provide a base for understanding how AP-XPS tracks crucial information in terms of the surface of a catalyst during catalysis. The second half of this book delves into the specific applications of AP-XPS to fundamental studies of different catalytic reactions. In later chapters, the focus is on how AP-XPS could provide key information toward understanding catalytic mechanisms. To aid in reader comprehension, the takeaways of each chapter are underlined. In Application of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Catalysis, readers can expect to find detailed information on specific topics such as: Going from surface of model catalyst in UHV to surface of nanoparticle catalyst during catalysis Application of XPS from surface in UHV to surface in gas or liquid phase and fundamentals of X-ray spectroscopy Significance and challenges of studying surface of a catalyst in gaseous phase and instrumentation of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectrometers Experimental methods of AP-XPS studies and difference in data analysis between AP-XPS and high vacuum XPS Ambient Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy is an ideal resource for entry level researchers and students involved in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the text will appeal to scientists in more senior roles in academic and government laboratory institutions in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, energy science, and materials science.

Featuring new coverage of quantum engineering and quantum information processing, the third edition of this bestselling textbook continues to provide students with a uniquely practical introduction to the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. It features straightforward explanations of quantum effects, suitable for readers from non-physics backgrounds; real-world engineering problems showcasing the practical application of theory to practice, providing a relevant and accessible introduction to cutting-edge quantum applications; over 60 accessible worked examples using Matlab, allowing students to deepen their understanding through computational exploration and visualization; and a new chapter on quantum engineering, introducing students to state-of-the-art concepts in quantum information processing and quantum device design. Updated throughout and supported online by downloadable Matlab code, exam questions, and solutions to over 150 homework problems for instructors, this is the ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students in applied science, engineering, and materials science studying a first course in quantum mechanics.

Ever wondered if the chemical processes taking place in space could be related to the origins of life? The authors of this book, both experienced astrochemists, embark on a discussion to find the answers to this question and more, and include a general introduction to astrochemistry for chemistry students. They explore chemistry occurring in the universe from its very early beginnings until the present era. Based on our current understanding, astrochemistry is known to occur in interstellar gas, on dust grains and in interstellar ices, in stellar atmospheres and envelopes, in dense star- and planet-forming regions, and on planets and other bodies in planetary systems. Recent observational discoveries supported by remarkable laboratory work emphasize chemical complexity, leading to answers to the tantalizing question: can this complexity be related to the origin of life? This book provides the tools to enable chemistry students to make their own computational investigations of astrochemistry and directs study across the chemical sciences and astronomy. Concentrating on fundamental processes, this book is a useful teaching aid.

Demonstrates how policymakers influenced environmental science during the early nuclear age   In Atomic Environments: Nuclear Technologies, the Natural World, and Policymaking, 1945-1960, Neil S. Oatsvall examines how top officials in the Truman and Eisenhower administrations used environmental science to develop nuclear strategy at the beginning of the Cold War. While many people were involved in research and analysis during the period in question, it was at highest levels of executive decision-making where environmental science and nuclear science most clearly combined to shape the nation's policies. Oatsvall clearly demonstrates how the natural world and the scientific disciplines that study it became integral parts of nuclear science rather than adversarial fields of knowledge. But while nuclear technologies heavily depended on environmental science to develop, those same technologies frequently caused great harm to the natural world. Moreover, while some individuals expressed real anxieties about the damage wrought by nuclear technologies, policymakers as a class consistently made choices that privileged nuclear boosterism and secrecy, prioritizing institutional values over the lives and living systems that they were ostensibly charged to protect. By scrutinizing institutional policymaking practices and agendas at the birth of the nuclear age, a constant set of values becomes clear. Oatsvall reveals an emerging technocratic class that routinely valued knowledge about the environment to help create and maintain a nuclear arsenal, despite its existential threat to life on earth and the negative effects many nuclear technologies had on ecosystems and the American people alike. Although policymakers took their charge to protect and advance the welfare of the United States and its people seriously, Atomic Environments demonstrates how they often failed to do so because their allegiance to the US nuclear hierarchy blinded them to the real risks and dangers of the nuclear age.  

Biophysics at the Nanoscale: Applications of Functional Materials explores how nanomaterials and nanotechnology can be used effectively in biophysics. The book introduces the structures and functions of nanoscale-based materials from a biophysical perspective while also discussing nanotechnology opportunities for their purposeful manipulation and the integration of nanoscale-based materials with current top-notch tools and platforms to ultimately facilitate their potential applications in the areas like biomedicine and the pharmaceutical sciences. The book provides the most impactful research and current techniques and strategies. With contributions from an international group of experts in the field, the book is highly informative and is a reference point for learning key knowledge and information.

This book provides a detailed description of the modern variational methods available for solving the nuclear motion Schrödinger equation to enable accurate theoretical spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules. These methods are currently used to provide important molecular data for spectroscopic studies of atmospheres of astronomical objects including solar and extrasolar planets as well as cool stars. This book has collected descriptions of quantum mechanical methods into one cohesive text, making the information more accessible to the scientific community, especially for young researchers, who would like to devote their scientific career to the field of computational molecular physics. The book addresses key aspects of the high-accuracy computational spectroscopy of the medium size polyatomic molecules. It aims to describe numerical algorithms for the construction and solution of the nuclear motion Schrödinger equations with the central idea of the modern computational spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules to include the construction of the complex kinetic energy operators (KEO) into the computation process of the numerical pipeline by evaluating the corresponding coefficients of KEO derivatives on-the-fly. The book details key aspects of variational solutions of the nuclear motion Schrödinger equations targeting high accuracy, including construction of rotational and vibrational basis functions, coordinate choice, molecular symmetry as well as of intensity calculations and refinement of potential energy functions. The goal of this book is to show how to build an accurate spectroscopic computational protocol in a pure numerical manner of a general black-box type algorithm. This book will be a valuable resource for researchers, both experts and not experts, working in the area of the computational and experimental spectroscopy; PhD students and early-career spectroscopists who would like to learn basics of the modern variational methods in the field of computational spectroscopy. It will also appeal to astrophysicists and atmospheric physicists who would like to assess data and perform calculations themselves. Key features: Supported by the latest research and based on the state-of-the-art computational methods in high-accuracy computational spectroscopy of molecules. Authored by an authority in the field. Accessible to both experts and non-experts working in the area of computational and experimental spectroscopy, in addition to graduate students.

There are many more states of matter than just solid, liquid, and gas. Examples include liquid crystal, magnet, glass, and superconductor. New states are continually, and unexpectedly, being discovered. Some states, such as superconductor, can act like Schrödinger's cat and exhibit the weirdness normally associated with the quantum theory of atoms, photons, and electrons. Condensed matter physics seeks to understand how states of matter and their distinct physical properties emerge from the atoms of which a material is composed. A system of many interacting parts can have properties that the parts do not have. Water is wet, but a single water molecule is not. Your brain is conscious, but a single neuron is not. Such emergent phenomena are central to condensed matter physics and also occur in many fields, from biology to computer science to sociology, leading to rich intellectual connections. When do quantitative differences become qualitative differences? Can simple models describe rich and complex behaviour? What is the relationship between the particular and the universal? How is the abstract related to the concrete? Condensed matter physics is all about these big questions.The materials in silicon chips, liquid crystal displays, and magnetic computer memories, may have transformed society, but understanding them has transformed how we think about complex systems.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

How the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut wasdesigned and reimagined over time Inthis book, Cathleen Lewis discusses how the public image of the Sovietcosmonaut developed beginning in the 1950s and the ways this icon has beenreinterpreted throughout the years and in contemporary Russia. Compilingmaterial and cultural representations of the cosmonaut program, Lewis providesa new perspective on the story of Soviet spaceflight, highlighting how the governmenthas celebrated figures such as Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova through newspapers,radio, parades, monuments, museums, films, and even postage stamps and lapelpins. Lewis's analysis shows that during the SpaceRace, Nikita Khrushchev mobilized cosmonaut stories and images to symbolize theforward-looking Soviet state and distract from the costs of the Cold War. Publicperceptions shifted after the first Soviet spaceflight fatality and failure toreach the Moon, yet cosmonaut imagery was still effective propaganda, evolvingthrough the USSR's collapse in 1991 and seen today in Vladimir Putin's governmentcooperation for a film on the 1985 rescue of the Salyut 7 space station. Lookingclosely at the process through which Russians continue to reexamine their past,Lewis argues that the cultural memory of spaceflight remains especially potent amongother collective Soviet memories.

Plasticity Theory is characterized by many competing and often incompatible points of view. This book seeks to strengthen the foundations of continuum plasticity theory, emphasizing a unifying perspective grounded in the fundamental notion of material symmetry. Steigmann's book offers a systematic framework for the proper understanding of established models of plasticity and for their modern extensions and generalizations. Particular emphasis is placed on the differential-geometric aspects of the subject and their role in illuminating the conceptual foundations of plasticity theory. Classical models, together with several subjects of interest in contemporary research, are developed in a unified format. The book is addressed to graduate students and academics working in the field of continuum mechanics.

An introduction to celestial mechanics for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers new to the field Celestial mechanics--the study of the movement of planets, satellites, and smaller bodies such as comets--is one of the oldest subjects in the physical sciences. Since the mid-twentieth century, the field has experienced a renaissance due to advances in space flight, digital computing, numerical mathematics, nonlinear dynamics, and chaos theory, and the discovery of exoplanets. This modern, authoritative introduction to planetary system dynamics reflects these recent developments and discoveries and is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers. The book treats both traditional subjects, such as the two-body and three-body problems, lunar theory, and Hamiltonian perturbation theory, as well as a diverse range of other topics, including chaos in the solar system, comet dynamics, extrasolar planets, planetesimal dynamics, resonances, tidal friction and disruption, and more. The book provides readers with all the core concepts, tools, and methods needed to conduct research in the subject. Provides an authoritative introduction that reflects recent advances in the field Topics treated include Andoyer variables, co-orbital satellites and quasi-satellites, Hill's problem, the Milankovich equations, Colombo's top and Cassini states, the Yarkovsky and YORP effects, orbit determination for extrasolar planets, and more More than 100 end-of-book problems elaborate on concepts not fully covered in the main text Appendixes summarize the necessary background material Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students; some knowledge of Hamiltonian mechanics and methods of mathematical physics (vectors, matrices, special functions, etc.) required Solutions manual available on request for instructors who adopt the book for a course

Humanity has long looked to the sky and marveled at the world around us. We've wondered why the world is the way it is and whether it must be that way. We dream of a time when we have developed a theory of everything--a theory that answers all questions. Einstein's Unfinished Dream explores the cutting-edge research of modern particle physicists that pushes us slowly towards this theory. Marshalling decades of experience in distilling high-level scientific concepts, Lincoln invites readers into the mysteries of dark matter, dark energy, matter/antimatter asymmetry, quark and lepton flavor, and other phenomena that have puzzled humanity for centuries.

How the Einsteinian revolution can be understood as the result of a long-term evolution of science The revolution that emerged from Albert Einstein's work in the early twentieth century transformed our understanding of space, time, motion, gravity, matter, and radiation. Beginning with Einstein's miracle year of 1905 and continuing through his development of the theory of general relativity, Einstein spurred a revolution that continues to reverberate in modern-day physics. In The Einsteinian Revolution, Hanoch Gutfreund and Jürgen Renn trace the century-long transformation of classical physics and argue that the revolution begun by Einstein was in fact the result of a long-term evolution. Describing the origins and context of Einstein's innovative research, Gutfreund and Renn work to dispel the popular myth of Einstein as a lone genius who brought about a revolution in physics through the power of his own pure thought. We can only understand the birth of modern physics, they say, if we understand the long history of the evolution of knowledge. Gutfreund and Renn outline the essential structures of the knowledge system of classical physics on which Einstein drew. Examining Einstein's discoveries from 1905 onward, they describe the process by which new concepts arose and the basis of modern physics emerged. These transformations continued, eventually resulting in the establishment of quantum physics and general relativity as the two major conceptual frameworks of modern physics--and its two unreconciled theoretical approaches. Gutfreund and Renn note that Einstein was dissatisfied with this conceptual dichotomy and began a search for a unified understanding of physics--a quest that continued for the rest of his life.

Since the development of natural philosophy in Ancient Greece, scientists have been concerned with determining the nature of matter's smallest constituents and the interactions among them. This textbook examines the question of the microscopic composition of matter through an accessible introduction to what is now called 'The Physics of Elementary Particles'. In the last few decades, elementary particle physics has undergone a period of transition, culminating in the formulation of a new theoretical scheme, known as 'The Standard Model', which has profoundly changed our understanding of nature's fundamental forces. Rooted in the experimental tradition, this new vision is based on geometry and sees the composition of matter in terms of its accordance with certain geometrical principles. This textbook presents and explains this modern viewpoint to a readership of well-motivated undergraduate students, by guiding the reader from the basics to the more advanced concepts of Gauge Symmetry, Quantum Field Theory and the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking through concrete physical examples. This engaging introduction to the theoretical advances and experimental discoveries of the last decades makes this fascinating subject accessible to undergraduate students and aims at motivating them to study it further.

This book presents a comprehensive account of molecular quantum electrodynamics from the perspectives of physics and theoretical chemistry. The first part of the book establishes the essential concepts underlying classical electrodynamics, using the tools of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. The second part focuses on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, particularly how they relate to, and influence, chemical and molecular processes. The special case of the Coulomb Hamiltonian (including the celebrated Born-Oppenheimer approximation) is given a modern treatment. The final part of the book is devoted to non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics and describes in detail its impact upon our understanding of atoms and molecules, and their interaction with light. Particular attention is paid to the Power-Zienau-Woolley (PZW) representations, and both perturbative and non-perturbative approaches to QED calculation are discussed. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in chemical and molecular physics, quantum chemistry, and theoretical chemistry.

An enthralling and accessible account of humanity's quest to make sense of our physical world, told through interwoven tales of inspiration, tragedy, and triumph. How do the remarkable recent discoveries of the Higgs boson, dark matter, and dark energy connect with the equally revolutionary discoveries in centuries past? In Grace in All Simplicity, readers will delight in Cahn and Quigg's engaging prose and see how the infinite and the infinitesimal are joined. Today, physicists and astronomers are exploring distances from a billionth of a billionth of the human scale to the entire cosmos, and contemplating time intervals that range from less than a trillionth of a trillionth of a second out to far longer than the age of the universe. Leaving home in this metaphorical way requires devising new instruments that spectacularly expand our senses and conceiving original ways of thinking that expand our minds. This is at once an act of audacity and an exercise in humility. Grace in All Simplicity narrates the saga of how we have prospected for some of Nature's most tightly held secrets, the basic constituents of matter and the fundamental forces that rule them. Our current understanding of the world (and universe) we inhabit is the result of curiosity, diligence, and daring, of abstraction and synthesis, and of an abiding faith in the value of exploration. In these pages we will meet scientists of both past and present. These men and women are professional scientists and amateurs, the eccentric and the conventional, performers and introverts. Scientists themselves, Cahn and Quigg convey their infectious joy as they search for new laws of nature. Join the adventure as scientists ascend mountain tops and descend into caverns deep underground, travel to the coldest places on Earth, and voyage back in time to near the birth of the Universe. Visit today's great laboratories and the astounding instruments they house. Grace in All Simplicity is a thrilling voyage filled with improbable discoveries and the extraordinary community of people who make them. Together, we will travel the path to the Higgs boson, weigh the evidence for subliminal dark matter, and learn what makes scientists invoke a mysterious agent named "dark energy." We will behold the emergence of a compelling picture of matter and forces, simple in its structure, graceful in the interplay of its parts, but still tantalizingly incomplete.

From the celebrated author of Quantum Mechanics and Experience comes an original and exhilarating attempt at making sense of the strange laws of quantum mechanics. A century ago, a brilliant circle of physicists around Niels Bohr argued that the search for an objective, realistic, and mechanical picture of the inner workings of the atom--the kind of picture that had previously been an ideal of classical physics--was doomed to fail. Today, there is widespread agreement among philosophers and physicists that those arguments were wrong. However, the question of what that picture might look like, and how it might fit into a comprehensive picture of physical reality, remains unsettled. In A Guess at the Riddle, philosopher David Z Albert argues that the distinctively strange features of quantum mechanics begin to make sense once we conceive of the wave function, vibrating and evolving in high-dimensional space, as the concrete, fundamental physical "stuff" of the universe. Starting with simple mechanical models, Albert methodically constructs the defining features of quantum mechanics from scratch. He shows how the entire history of our familiar, three-dimensional universe can be discerned in the wave function's intricate pattern of ripples and whorls. A major new work in the foundations of physics, A Guess at the Riddle is poised to transform our understanding of the basic architecture of the universe.

An exciting new title in the vein of Hidden Figures, which tells the inspiring stories of long-overlooked women physicists and astronomers who discovered the fundamental rules of the universe and reshaped the rules of society. Women physicists and astronomers from around the world have transformed science and society, but the critical roles they played in their fields are not always well-sung. Her Space, Her Time, authored by award-winning quantum physicist Shohini Ghose, brings together the stories of these remarkable women to celebrate their indelible scientific contributions. In each chapter of the book, Ghose explores a scientific topic and explains how the women featured in that chapter revolutionized that area of physics and astronomy. In doing so, she also addresses particular aspects of women's experiences in physics and astronomy- in the chapter on time, for instance, we learn of Henrietta Leavitt andMargaret Burbidge, who helped discover the big bang and the cosmic calendar; in the chapter on space exploration, we learn of Anigaduwagi (Cherokee) aerospace scientist Mary Golda Ross,who helped make the Moon landings possible; and in the chapter on subatomic particles, we learn of Marietta Blau, Hertha Wambacher, and Bibha Chowdhuri, who contributed to the discovery of the building blocks of the universe, and, in doing so, played a crucial role in determining who gets to do physics today. Engaging, accessible, and timely, Her Space, Her Time is a collective story of scientific innovation, inspirational leadership, and overcoming invisibility that will leave a lasting impression on any reader curious about the rule-breakers and trendsetters who illuminated our understanding of the universe. Some of the featured women scientists in the book Williamina Fleming Annie Jump Cannon Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Antonia Maury Henrietta Leavitt Margaret Burbidge Mary Golda Ross Dilhan Eryurt Claudia Alexander Joyce Neighbors Navajo women of Shiprock Harriet Brooks Marie Curie Lise Meitner Marietta Blau Hertha Wambacher Bibha Chowdhuri Wu Chien-Shiung Women of the Manhattan Project Vera Rubin

Following the path by which humanity learned quantum mechanics can lead to an improved teaching and understanding of the fundamental theory and the origins of its perceived limitations. The purpose of this textbook is to retrace the development of quantum mechanics by investigating primary sources (including original published papers and letters) with attention to their timing and influence. Placing the development of quantum mechanics in its historical context, from the nascent philosophical notions of matter, atoms, and void in Ancient Greece, to their scientific realization in the 19th and 20th centuries, the book culminates with an examination of the current state of the field and an introduction to quantum information and computing.

This text tells the story of the science of optical interferometry - mankind's most sensitive form of measurement - and of the scientists who tamed light to make outstanding discoveries, from lasers and holograms to astronomy and quantum physics.

This book explains the alternative perspective of continuous spontaneous localization to address the shortcomings of quantum theory. It offers a solution to bridge the gap between probabilities and actual events.

This textbook offers a detailed and uniquely self-contained presentation of quantum and gauge field theories. Writing from a modern perspective, the author begins with a discussion of advanced dynamics and special relativity before guiding students steadily through the fundamental principles of relativistic quantum mechanics and classical field theory. This foundation is then used to develop the full theoretical framework of quantum and gauge field theories. The introductory, opening half of the book allows it to be used for a variety of courses, from advanced undergraduate to graduate level, and students lacking a formal background in more elementary topics will benefit greatly from this approach. Williams provides full derivations wherever possible and adopts a pedagogical tone without sacrificing rigour. Worked examples are included throughout the text and end-of-chapter problems help students to reinforce key concepts. A fully worked solutions manual is available online for instructors.

A lively exploration of how invisibility has gone from science fiction to fact Is it possible for something or someone to be made invisible? This question, which has intrigued authors of science fiction for over a century, has become a headline-grabbing topic of scientific research. In this book, science writer and optical physicist Gregory J. Gbur traces the science of invisibility from its sci-fi origins in the nineteenth-century writings of authors such as H. G. Wells and Fitz James O’Brien to modern stealth technology, invisibility cloaks, and metamaterials. He explores the history of invisibility and its science and technology connections, including the discovery of the electromagnetic spectrum, the development of the atomic model, and quantum theory. He shows how invisibility has moved from fiction to reality, and he questions the hidden paths that lie ahead for researchers. This is not only the story of invisibility but also the story of humankind’s understanding of the nature of light itself, and of the many fascinating figures whose discoveries advanced this knowledge.

The mystery of gravity has captivated us for centuries. But what is gravity and how does it work? This engaging book delves into the bizarre and often counter-intuitive world of gravitational physics. Join distinguished astrophysicist Professor Luciano Rezzolla on this virtual journey into Einstein's world of gravity, with each milestone presenting ever more fascinating aspects of gravitation. Through gentle exposure to concepts such as spacetime curvature and general relativity, you will discover some of the most curious consequences of gravitational physics, such as black holes, neutron stars and gravitational waves. The author presents and explains one of the most impressive scientific achievements of recent times: the first image of a supermassive black hole. Written by one of the key scientists involved in producing these results, you'll get a behind-the-scenes view of how the image was captured and discover what happens to matter and light near a black hole.

A concise and accessible introduction to exoplanets that explains the cutting-edge science behind recent discoveries For centuries, people have speculated about the possibility of planets orbiting distant stars, but only since the 1990s has technology allowed astronomers to detect them. At this point, more than five thousand such exoplanets have been identified, with the pace of discovery accelerating after the launch of NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and the Webb Space Telescope. In The Little Book of Exoplanets, Princeton astrophysicist Joshua Winn offers a brief and engaging introduction to the search for exoplanets and the cutting-edge science behind recent findings. In doing so, he chronicles the dawn of a new age of discovery--one that has rapidly transformed astronomy and our broader understanding of the universe. Scientists now know that many Sun-like stars host their own systems of planets, some of which may resemble our solar system and include planets similar to the Earth. But, Winn tells us, the most remarkable discoveries so far have been of planets with unexpected and decidedly un-Earth-like properties, which have upended what we thought we knew about the origins of planetary systems. Winn provides an inside view of the sophisticated detective work astronomers perform as they find and study exoplanets and describes the surprising--sometimes downright bizarre--planets and systems they have found. He explains how these discoveries are revolutionizing astronomy, and he explores the current status and possible future of the search for another Earth. Finally, drawing on his own and other scientists' work, he considers how the discovery of exoplanets and their faraway solar systems changes our perspectives on the universe and our place in it.

A hands-on introduction to machine learning and its applications to the physical sciences As the size and complexity of data continue to grow exponentially across the physical sciences, machine learning is helping scientists to sift through and analyze this information while driving breathtaking advances in quantum physics, astronomy, cosmology, and beyond. This incisive textbook covers the basics of building, diagnosing, optimizing, and deploying machine learning methods to solve research problems in physics and astronomy, with an emphasis on critical thinking and the scientific method. Using a hands-on approach to learning, Machine Learning for Physics and Astronomy draws on real-world, publicly available data as well as examples taken directly from the frontiers of research, from identifying galaxy morphology from images to identifying the signature of standard model particles in simulations at the Large Hadron Collider. Introduces readers to best practices in data-driven problem-solving, from preliminary data exploration and cleaning to selecting the best method for a given task Each chapter is accompanied by Jupyter Notebook worksheets in Python that enable students to explore key concepts Includes a wealth of review questions and quizzes Ideal for advanced undergraduate and early graduate students in STEM disciplines such as physics, computer science, engineering, and applied mathematics Accessible to self-learners with a basic knowledge of linear algebra and calculus Slides and assessment questions (available only to instructors)

An award-winning Oxford physicist draws on classic sci-fi, fantasy fiction, and everyday phenomena to explain and celebrate the magical properties of the world around us. If you were to present the feats of modern science to someone from the past, those feats would surely be considered magic. Theoretical physicist Felix Flicker proves that they are indeed magic--just familiar magic. The name for this magic is "condensed matter physics." Most people haven't heard of the field, yet more than a third of physicists identify as condensed matter researchers, making it the most active area in the subject--with good reason. Condensed matter is the solids, liquids, and gasses that surround us--and the more exotic matters--which dictate every aspect of our present existence, and hold the keys to a brighter future, from quantum computing to real-life invisibility cloaks. Flicker teases out the magical threads that run through our daily lives. Condensed matter physics allows you to create anything abiding by the laws of reality--and often, we find that those laws can be bent. Flicker explains how to create new particles which never existed before, how to make crystals shoot out such intense light they can cut through metal, how to separate the poles of a magnet. And more. The book's endearing conceit is that you, the reader, are an aspiring wizard whose ability to cast spells (i.e. to do science) is dependent on your grasp of the fundamentals of our universe. This book contains no equations or charts--instead, it's full of owls and mountains and infinite libraries, and staffs and wands, and martial arts and mythical islands ruled by sage knot-makers. Part of the book's magic is that, for all these fanciful trappings, it still feels practical and applicable. The Magick of Physics will open your eyes to the miracles that surround us.

"The Many Voices of Modern Physics follows a revolution that began in 1905 when Albert Einstein published papers on special relativity and quantum theory. Unlike Newtonian physics, this new physics often departs wildly from common sense, a radical divorce that presents a unique communicative challenge to physicists when writing for other physicists or for the general public, and to journalists and popular science writers as well. In their two long careers, Joseph Harmon and the late Alan Gross have explored how scientists communicate with each other and with the general public. Here, they focus not on the history of modern physics but on its communication. In their survey of physics communications and related persuasive practices, they move from peak to peak of scientific achievement, recalling how physicists use the communicative tools available--in particular, thought experiments, analogies, visuals, and equations--to convince others that what they say is not only true but significant, that it must be incorporated into the body of scientific and general knowledge. Each chapter includes a chorus of voices, from the many celebrated physicists who devoted considerable time and ingenuity to communicating their discoveries, to the science journalists who made those discoveries accessible to the public, and even to philosophers, sociologists, historians, an opera composer, and a patent lawyer. With their final collaboration, Harmon and Gross offer a tribute to the communicative practices of the physicists who convinced their peers and the general public that the universe is a far more bizarre and interesting place than their nineteenth-century predecessors imagined."-- $c Provided by publisher

Superconductors capture the imagination with seemingly magical properties that allow them to carry electricity without losing any energy at all. They are however, extraordinarily difficult materials to work with. In this book, Susannah Speller explores the astonishing variety of superconducting materials and the rich science behind optimising their performance for use in different applications. Readers will discover how diverse superconducting materials and their applications are, from the metallic alloys used in the Large Hadron Collider to the thin film superconductors that will be crucial for quantum computers.This book tells about how even the simplest superconductors have to be carefully designed and engineered on the nanometre scale. Along the way, the reader will be introduced to what materials science is all about and why advanced materials have such widespread importance for technological progress. With 'Wider View' and 'Under the Lens' sections, Speller provides an accessible and illuminating exploration of superconductors and their place in the modern world.

A Mathematical Approach to Special Relativity introduces the mathematical formalisms of special and general relativity. Developed from the author's experience teaching physics to students across all levels, the valuable resource introduces key concepts, building in complexity and using increasingly advanced mathematical tools as it progresses. Without assuming a background in calculus, the text begins with symmetry, before delving more deeply into Galilean relativity. Throughout, the book provides examples and useful "Guides to the Literature." This unique text emphasizes the experimental consequences and verifications of the underpinning theory in order to provide students with a solid foundation in this key area.

Traditional literature in mathematical physics is clustered around classical mechanics, especially fluids and elasticity. This book reflects the modern development of theoretical physics in the areas of field theories: classical, quantum, and gravitational, in which differential equations play essential roles and offer powerful insight. Yang here presents a broad range of fundamental topics in theoretical and mathematical physics based on the viewpoint of differential equations. The subject areas covered include classical and quantum many-body problems, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, magnetic monopoles, special relativity, gauge field theories, general relativity, superconductivity, vortices and other topological solitons, and canonical quantization of fields, for which knowledge and use of linear and nonlinear differential equations are essential for comprehension. Much emphasis is given to the mathematical and physical content offering an appreciation of the interplay of mathematics and theoretical physics from the viewpoint of differential equations. Advanced methods and techniques of modern nonlinear functional analysis are kept to a minimum and each chapter is supplemented with a collection of exercises of varied depths making it an ideal resource for students and researchers alike.

A Modern Introduction to Classical Electrodynamics is suitable for undergraduate students with some background knowledge of the subject and for graduate students, while more advanced topics make it a useful resource for PhD students and researchers. The book places much emphasis on the formal structure of the theory; beginning with Maxwell's equations in the vacuum, it emphasises the central role of gauge invariance and Special Relativity. After introductory chapters which include rederivations of elementary results of electrostatics and magnetostatics, and the multipole expansion, Special Relativity is introduced, and most of the subsequent derivations are performed using covariant formalism and gauge potentials, allowing for greater conceptual and technical clarity compared to more traditional treatments. The second part of the book covers electrodynamics in material media. This includes Maxwell's equations in material media, frequency dependent response of materials and Kramers-Kronig relations, electromagnetic waves in materials, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation. Finally, the text also includes advanced topics, such as the field-theoretical treatment of classical electrodynamics as a modern treatment of radiation reaction. These parts are meant for the advanced reader and are clearly marked, and can be skipped without loss of continuity.

In the last few decades quantum theory has experienced an extensive revival owing to the rapid development of quantum information and quantum technologies. Based on a series of courses taught by the authors, the book takes the reader on a journey from the beginnings of quantum theory in the early twentieth century to the realm of quantum-information processing in the twenty-first. The central aim of this textbook, therefore, is to offer a detailed introduction to quantum theory that covers both physical and information-theoretic aspects, with a particular focus on the concept of entanglement and its characteristics, variants, and applications. Suitable for undergraduate students in physics and related subjects who encounter quantum mechanics for the first time, this book also serves as a resource for graduate students who want to engage with more advanced topics, offering a collection of derivations, proofs, technical methods, and references for graduate students and more experienced readers engaged with teaching and active research.The book is divided into three parts: Part I - Quantum Mechanics, Part II - Entanglement and Non-Locality, and Part III - Advanced Topics in Modern Quantum Physics. Part I provides a modern view on quantum mechanics, a central topic of theoretical physics. Part II is dedicated to the foundations of quantum mechanics and entanglement: starting with density operators, hidden-variable theories, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox, and Bell Inequalities, but also touching upon philosophical questions, followed by a deeper study of entanglement-based quantum communication protocols like teleportation, before giving a detailed exposition of entanglement theory, including tools for the detection and quantification of entanglement. Part III is intended as a collection of standalone chapters to supplement the contents of Parts I and II, covering more advanced topics such as classical and quantum entropies, quantum operations and measurements, decoherence, quantum metrology and quantum optics, and entanglement in particle physics.

This title introduces the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics, theory of relativity, and cosmology to a lay person in simple language and deals with deep issues related to the mysteries of modern science.

bVery Short Introductionsb: Brilliant, Sharp, Inspiring /bAlmost everything we know about the Universe has come from studying the messages carried by light from outer space. Until only a handful of decades ago, this meant observing optical photons in the narrow visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, recent technological developments have now enabled us to extend this range and explore the Universe at radio, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths. The observations reveal a plethora of exotic phenomena such as young galaxies at the edge of the visible Universe, quasars, pulsars, colliding galaxies, and exploding stars, often at great distances. We have discovered that the Universe is expanding and that the expansion itself is accelerating. Closer to our home planet, we track killer asteroids and comets. Working closely together, observational astronomy and astrophysics have shown us how stars produce their energy, where the chemical elements come from, how black holes form, and how the giant supermassive black holes lurking in the hearts of galaxies spew immensely powerful jets of particles and energy thousands of light years out into space.And we now have new ways beyond light to probe the mysteries of the Universe. This Very Short Introduction describes how neutrinos and gravitational waves are revolutionizing our knowledge. How do we know all this? Advances in telescope technologies offer a partial explanation, but technology alone is not enough. Unlocking the secrets of the Universe also involves the critical application of the laws of physics to the observations. Cottrell describes how we are turning observations into knowledge and how theory, in turn, is inspiring new observations.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Can we do better in space than we've done here on Earth? We've pinpointed the destination, refined the technology, designed the habitat, outfitted our space residents. Are we forgetting something? A timely reminder that it's not just rocket science, this thought-provoking book explores the all-too-human issues raised by the prospect of settling in outer space. It's worth remembering, Erika Nesvold suggests, that in making new worlds, we don't necessarily leave our earthly problems behind. Accordingly, her work highlights the complex ethical challenges that accompany any other-worldly venture--questions about the environment, labor rights, and medical ethics, among others. Any such venture, Nesvold contends, must be made on behalf of all humanity, with global input and collaboration. Off-Earth thus includes historical and contemporary examples from outside the dominant Western/US, abled, and privileged narrative of the space industry. Nesvold calls on experts in ethics, sociology, history, social justice, and law to launch a hopeful conversation about the potential ethical pitfalls of becoming a multi-planet species--and, ideally, to shed light on similar problems we presently face here on Earth. Space settlement is rapidly becoming ever more likely. Will it look like the utopian vision of Star Trek? Or the dark future of Star Wars? Nesvold challenges us to decide.

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER * Stephen Hawking's closest collaborator offers the intellectual superstar's final thoughts on the cosmos--a dramatic revision of the theory he put forward in A Brief History of Time. "This superbly written book offers insight into an extraordinary individual, the creative process, and the scope and limits of our current understanding of the cosmos."--Lord Martin Rees Perhaps the biggest question Stephen Hawking tried to answer in his extraordinary life was how the universe could have created conditions so perfectly hospitable to life. In order to solve this mystery, Hawking studied the big bang origin of the universe, but his early work ran into a crisis when the math predicted many big bangs producing a multiverse--countless different universes, most of which would be far too bizarre to ​harbor life. Holed up in the theoretical physics department at Cambridge, Stephen Hawking and his friend and collaborator Thomas Hertog worked on this problem for twenty years, developing a new theory of the cosmos that could account for the emergence of life. Peering into the extreme quantum physics of cosmic holograms and venturing far back in time to our deepest roots, they were startled to find a deeper level of evolution in which the physical laws themselves transform and simplify until particles, forces, and even time itself fades away. This discovery led them to a revolutionary idea: The laws of physics are not set in stone but are born and co-evolve as the universe they govern takes shape. As Hawking's final days drew near, the two collaborators published their theory, which proposed a radical new Darwinian perspective on the origins of our universe. On the Origin of Time offers a striking new vision of the universe's birth that will profoundly transform the way we think about our place in the order of the cosmos and may ultimately prove to be Hawking's greatest legacy.

This book provides an introduction to optical multidimensional coherent spectroscopy, a relatively new method of studying materials based on using ultrashort light pulses to perform spectroscopy. The technique has been developed and perfected over the last 25 years, resulting in multiple experimental approaches and applications to a broad array of systems ranging from atoms and molecules to solids and biological systems. Indeed, while this method is most often used by physical chemists, it is also relevant to materials of interest to physicists, which is the primary focus of this book. As well as an introduction to the method, the book also provides tutorials on the interpretation of the rather complex spectra that is broadly applicable across all subfields, and finishes with a survey of several emerging material systems and a discussion of future directions.

Steven French suggests a radical new approach to the understanding of quantum physics, derived from Husserl's phenomenological philosophy. In 1939 two physicists, Fritz London and Edmund Bauer, published an account of measurement in quantum mechanics. Widely cited, their 'little book' featured centrally in an important debate over the role of consciousness in that process. However, it has been fundamentally misunderstood, both in that debate and beyond. Steven French argues that London, in particular, approached the measurement process from the perspective of Husserlian phenomenology, which he had studied as a student and which he retained an interest in throughout his career. This casts his work with Bauer in an entirely novel light and suggests a radical alternative understanding of quantum mechanics in which consciousness still plays a role but one that is fundamentally different than previously conceived. Most interpretations of the theory approach it on the basis of the so-called 'analytic' tradition in philosophy. However, there has recently been a surge of interest in 'continental' approaches and this book offers a significant new contribution to such developments. Intertwining history and philosophy, it presents London's background in physics and phenomenology, together with an outline of the latter as developed by Husserl, Gurwitsch, Merleau-Ponty, and others, as well as a detailed analysis of the work on measurement with Bauer. The book concludes by comparing the London and Bauer understanding with that afforded by Fuch's QBism, Everett's 'Many Worlds' interpretation, and Rovelli's Relational Quantum Mechanics. It is hoped that this exploratory work will open up new avenues of thought with regard to one of our most fundamental physical theories.

A graduate-level textbook on the astrophysics of binary star systems and their evolution Physics of Binary Star Evolution is an up-to-date textbook on the astrophysics and evolution of binary star systems. Theoretical astrophysicists Thomas Tauris and Edward van den Heuvel cover a wide range of phenomena and processes, including mass transfer and ejection, common envelopes, novae and supernovae, X-ray binaries, millisecond radio pulsars, and gravitational wave (GW) sources, and their links to stellar evolution. The authors walk through the observed properties and evolution of different types of binaries, with special emphasis on those containing compact objects (neutron stars, black holes, and white dwarfs). Attention is given to the formation mechanisms of GW sources--merging double neutron stars and black holes as well as ultra-compact GW binaries hosting white dwarfs--and to the progenitors of these sources and how they are observed with radio telescopes, X-ray satellites, and GW detectors (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer, and LISA). Supported by illustrations, equations, and exercises, Physics of Binary Star Evolution combines theory and observations to guide readers through the wonders of a field that will play a central role in modern astrophysics for decades to come. 465 equations, 47 tables, and 350+ figures More than 80 exercises (analytical, numerical, and computational) Over 2,500 extensive, up-to-date references

A concise introduction to the physics of charged macromolecules, from the basics of electrostatics to cutting-edge modern research developments. This accessible book provides a clear and intuitive view of concepts and theory, and features appendices detailing mathematical methodology. Supported by results from real-world experiments and simulations, this book equips the reader with a vital foundation for performing experimental research. Topics include living matter and synthetic materials including polyelectrolytes, polyzwitterions, polyampholytes, proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins, and DNA/RNA. Serving as a gateway to the growing field of charged macromolecules and their applications, this concept-driven book is a perfect guide for students beginning their studies in charged macromolecules, providing new opportunities for research and discovery.

The ideal text for a two-semester graduate course on quantum mechanics. Fresh, comprehensive, and clear, it strikes the optimal balance between covering traditional material and exploring contemporary topics. Focusing on the probabilistic structure of quantum mechanics and the central role of symmetries to unify principles, this textbook guides readers through the logical development of the theory. Students will also learn about the more exciting and controversial aspects of quantum theory, with discussions on past interpretations and the current debates on cutting-edge concepts such as quantum information and entanglement, open quantum systems, and quantum measurement theory. The book has two types of content: Type A material is more elementary and is fully self-contained, functioning like a separate book within the book, while Type B content is at the level of a graduate course. Requiring minimal physics background, this textbook is appropriate for mathematics and engineering students, in addition to physicists. Introducing cutting-edge topics in the field, the book features about 150 concept-checking questions, 300 homework problems and a solutions manual.

Turbulence plays a crucial role in contexts ranging from galaxy formation to heavy atomic nuclei, from jet engines to arterial blood flow, challenging engineers, physicists, and mathematicians. Recently, turbulence of quantum fluids displaying superfluidity has emerged as an exciting area of interdisciplinary research that spans fluid dynamics, low-temperature physics, and Bose-Einstein condensation. The first book on quantum turbulence, this work describes state-of-the-art results and techniques, stressing analogies and differences with classical turbulence. The authors focus in particular on low temperature phases of liquid helium, drawing on evidence from recent experiments, theory, and numerical simulations. Written by leading figures in the field, this is a go-to reference for students and researchers at all levels.

Much has been said and written about the value of space exploration from a worldview that is primarily Western, Caucasian, male, and politically libertarian. Reclaiming Space aims to incubate, illuminate, and illustrate a more diverse and inclusive conversation about space travel. Featuring twenty-seven essays written by a diverse array of contributors, Reclaiming Space offers perspectives on subjects such as spaceflight's history; the links between science fiction, space art and imagery, and space policy; and spaceflight as a tool for social progress.

Serious and accessible--finally the special relativity course book that both physics majors and lifelong learners deserve.   Special relativity challenges one's physical intuition of space, time, matter, and energy in a way that few other topics in physics do. Yet the subject is often treated as an extra in undergraduate courses--something to be picked up in a few random lectures and presented as a combination of geometric and logical puzzles (seemingly with the premise of getting the novice student to concede that Einstein was a genius and that the universe is weird). But special relativity is absolutely fundamental to modern physics. It is the canvas on which electromagnetism, particle physics, field theory, and ultimately general relativity are based. For physics students, developing a relativistic intuition isn't just a luxury: it's a requirement.   Physicist and popular author Dave Goldberg provides a rigorous but conversational introduction to fill this void in spacetime education. Employing the standard calculus a sophomore or junior university student in science, engineering, or computer science will have encountered, Goldberg connects relativity to a student's work ahead, acquainting them with topics like tensors, the development of new physical theories, and how relativity directly relates to other disciplines. But more than this, Goldberg welcomes lifelong learners who may have encountered special relativity in popular accounts, but are seeking a mathematical challenge to understand an elegant physical theory.

Symmetry and its various realizations have played a pivotal role in the development of the extremely well tested Standard Model of the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. In this Element, the author traces the development of the model through the interplay of the different symmetries realized in the various components of the model as well as in other sub-fields of physics.

This modern text provides detailed coverage of the important physical processes underpinning semiconductor devices. Advanced analysis of the optical properties of semiconductors without the requirement of complex mathematical formalism allows clear physical interpretation of all obtained results. The book describes fundamental aspects of solid-state physics and the quantum mechanics of electron-photon interactions, in addition to discussing in detail the photonic properties of bulk and quantum well semiconductors. The final six chapters focus on the physical properties of several widely-used photonic devices, including distributed feedback lasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, quantum dot lasers, and quantum cascade lasers. This book is ideal for graduate students in physics and electrical engineering and a useful reference for optical scientists.

"Vivid." --The Guardian * "Engrossing." --Booklist * "Suspenseful, meticulously observed, enlightening." --Margot Lee Shetterly, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Hidden Figures In this account of America's first women astronauts "Grush skillfully weaves a story that, at its heart, is about desire: not a nation's desire to conquer space, but the longing of six women to reach heights that were forbidden to them" (The New York Times). When NASA sent astronauts to the moon in the 1960s and 1970s the agency excluded women from the corps, arguing that only military test pilots--a group then made up exclusively of men--had the right stuff. It was an era in which women were steered away from jobs in science and deemed unqualified for space flight. Eventually, though, NASA recognized its blunder and opened the application process to a wider array of hopefuls, regardless of race or gender. From a candidate pool of 8,000 six elite women were selected in 1978--Sally Ride, Judy Resnik, Anna Fisher, Kathy Sullivan, Shannon Lucid, and Rhea Seddon. In The Six, acclaimed journalist Loren Grush shows these brilliant and courageous women enduring claustrophobic--and sometimes deeply sexist--media attention, undergoing rigorous survival training, and preparing for years to take multi-million-dollar payloads into orbit. Together, the Six helped build the tools that made the space program run. One of the group, Judy Resnik, sacrificed her life when the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded at 46,000 feet. Everyone knows of Sally Ride's history-making first space ride, but each of the Six would make their mark. "A spirited group biography...it's hard not to feel awe for these women" (The Wall Street Journal).

An inspiring anthology of writings by trailblazing women astronomers from around the globe The Sky Is for Everyone is an internationally diverse collection of autobiographical essays by women who broke down barriers and changed the face of modern astronomy. Virginia Trimble and David Weintraub vividly describe how, before 1900, a woman who wanted to study the stars had to have a father, brother, or husband to provide entry, and how the considerable intellectual skills of women astronomers were still not enough to enable them to pry open doors of opportunity for much of the twentieth century. After decades of difficult struggles, women are closer to equality in astronomy than ever before. Trimble and Weintraub bring together the stories of the tough and determined women who flung the doors wide open. Taking readers from 1960 to today, this triumphant anthology serves as an inspiration to current and future generations of women scientists while giving voice to the history of a transformative era in astronomy. With contributions by Neta A. Bahcall, Beatriz Barbuy, Ann Merchant Boesgaard, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Catherine Cesarsky, Poonam Chandra, Xuefei Chen, Cathie Clarke, Judith Gamora Cohen, France Anne Córdova, Anne Pyne Cowley, Bożena Czerny, Wendy L. Freedman, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Gabriela González, Saeko S. Hayashi, Martha P. Haynes, Roberta M. Humphreys, Vicky Kalogera, Gillian Knapp, Shazrene S. Mohamed, Carole Mundell, Priyamvada Natarajan, Dara J. Norman, Hiranya Peiris, Judith Lynn Pipher, Dina Prialnik, Anneila I. Sargent, Sara Seager, Gražina Tautvaisienė, Silvia Torres-Peimbert, Virginia Trimble, Meg Urry, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Patricia Ann Whitelock, Sidney Wolff, and Rosemary F. G. Wyse.

The remarkable story of how humankind discovered gravitational waves, chronicled with unparalleled historical and scientific vision. In 2016, the LIGO and Virgo Collaborations made headlines when they announced the detection of gravitational waves-a century after Albert Einstein first predicted their existence with his general theory of relativity. With unprecedented perspective as physicists at the forefront of this discovery, Mario Diaz, Gabriela Gonzalez, and Jorge Pullin provide a comprehensive and accessible account of the quest to find gravitational waves, their controversial history, and the efforts that culminated with their detection and a Nobel Prize in Physics. The Sounds of the Cosmos vividly narrates contributions from the ancient Greeks through Einstein, in addition to the breakthroughs of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, including the discovery of the Hulse-Taylor binary star system (the first of its kind ever observed) and the technology behind gravitational wave detectors. The authors' fusion of meticulous research and accessible prose makes this book an indispensable resource for the scientifically curious, lending astonishing new context to the revelation that we can "hear" the cosmos through gravitational waves. Written with exceptional historical and conceptual insight, this is a definitive and dazzling journey through "the eternal quest of humankind to understand the universe."

An authoritative, hands-on introduction to the foundational theory and experimental tests of particle physics The Standard Model is an elegant and extremely successful theory that formulates the laws of fundamental interactions among elementary particles. This incisive textbook introduces students to the physics of the Standard Model while providing an essential overview of modern particle physics, with a unique emphasis on symmetry principles as the starting point for constructing models. The Standard Model equips students with an in-depth understanding of this impressively predictive theory and an appreciation of its beauty, and prepares them to interpret future experimental results. Describes symmetry principles of growing complexity, including Abelian symmetries and their application in QED, the theory of electromagnetic interactions, non-Abelian symmetries and their application in QCD, the theory of strong interactions, and spontaneously broken symmetries and their application in the theory of weak interactions Derives the Lagrangian that implements these symmetry principles and extracts the phenomenology that follows from it, such as elementary particles and accidental symmetries Explains how the Standard Model has been experimentally tested, emphasizing electroweak precision measurements, flavor-changing neutral current processes, neutrino oscillations, and cosmology Demonstrates how to extend the model to address experimental and observational puzzles, such as neutrino masses, dark matter, and the baryon asymmetry of the universe Features a wealth of problems drawing from the latest research Ideal for a one-semester graduate course and an invaluable resource for practitioners Online solutions manual (available only to instructors)

Until Karl Jansky's 1933 discovery of radio noise from the Milky Way, astronomy was limited to observation by visible light. Radio astronomy opened a new window on the Universe, leading to the discovery of quasars, pulsars, the cosmic microwave background, electrical storms on Jupiter, the first extrasolar planets, and many other unexpected and unanticipated phenomena. Theory generally played little or no role - or even pointed in the wrong direction. Some discoveries came as a result of military or industrial activities, some from academic research intended for other purposes, some from simply looking with a new technique. Often it was the right person, in the right place, at the right time, doing the right thing - or sometimes the wrong thing. Star Noise tells the story of these discoveries, the men and women who made them, the circumstances which enabled them, and the surprising ways in which real-life scientific research works.

The Ising model provides a detailed mathematical description of ferromagnetism and is widely used in statistical physics and condensed matter physics. In this Student's Guide, the author demystifies the mathematical framework of the Ising model and provides students with a clear understanding of both its physical significance, and how to apply it successfully in their calculations. Key topics related to the Ising model are covered, including exact solutions of both finite and infinite systems, series expansions about high and low temperatures, mean-field approximation methods, and renormalization-group calculations. The book also incorporates plots, figures, and tables to highlight the significance of the results. Designed as a supplementary resource for undergraduate and graduate students, each chapter includes a selection of exercises intended to reinforce and extend important concepts, and solutions are also available for all exercises.

Of the three basic states of matter, liquid is perhaps the most complex. While its flow properties are described by fluid mechanics, its thermodynamic properties are often neglected, and for many years it was widely believed that a general theory of liquid thermodynamics was unattainable. In recent decades that view has been challenged, as new advances have finally enabled us to understand and describe the thermodynamic properties of liquids. This book explains the recent developments in theory, experiment and modelling that have enabled us to understand the behaviour of excitations in liquids and the impact of this behaviour on heat capacity and other basic properties. Presented in plain language with a focus on real liquids and their experimental properties, this book is a useful reference text for researchers and graduate students in condensed matter physics and chemistry as well as for advanced courses covering the theory of liquids.

Follow--for the first time--Nobel laureate and legendary teacher Enrico Fermi's lost course on geophysics.   Nobel Prize-winning physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-54) is known for his work on experimental particle physics, quantum theory, and statistical mechanics; his contributions to the Manhattan Project; and for his particular ability to condense complicated problems into approximations for understanding and testing theory in a variety of scientific disciplines.   Unearthing Fermi's Geophysics opens a window onto two underrepresented facets of this extraordinary thinker: Fermi's contributions as a teacher and to the field of geophysics. Drawing on Fermi's handwritten calculations and notes, many of which are reproduced here in photographic facsimile, physicists Gino Segrè and John Stack have reconstructed a coursebook of Fermi's insights into the physics of a range of geological and atmospheric phenomena. From gravity on Earth to thermodynamics in the atmosphere, the physics of raindrops, the Coriolis effect in hurricanes, tidal physics, earthquakes, and seismic waves, Earth's magnetism, atmospheric electricity, and much more, Unearthing Fermi's Geophysics reveals the hidden workings of the world above, around, and below us--and of the mind of a great scientist who was able to bring those physical workings to light.

One of today's leading astronomers takes readers inside the decades-long search for the first galaxies and the origin of starlight Astronomers are like time travelers, scanning the night sky for the outermost galaxies that first came into being when our universe was a mere fraction of its present age. When Galaxies Were Born is Richard Ellis's firsthand account of how a pioneering generation of scientists harnessed the world's largest telescopes to decipher the history of the universe and witness cosmic dawn, the time when starlight first bathed the cosmos and galaxies emerged from darkness. In a remarkable career spanning more than forty years, Ellis has made some of the most spectacular discoveries in modern cosmology. He has traveled the world to conduct observations in locales as beautiful and remote as the Australian outback, the Canary Islands, Hawaii, and the Chilean desert. In this book, he brings to life a golden age of astronomy, describing the triumphs and the technical setbacks, the rivalries with competing teams, and the perennial challenge of cloudy nights. Ellis reveals the astonishing progress we have made in building ever larger and more powerful telescopes, and provides a tantalizing glimpse of cosmic dawn. Stunningly illustrated with a wealth of dramatic photos, When Galaxies Were Born is a bold scientific adventure enlivened by personal insights and anecdotes that enable readers to share in the thrill of discovery at the frontiers of astronomy.

The science of finding habitable planets beyond our solar system and the prospects for establishing human civilization away from our ever-less-habitable planetary home. Planet Earth, it turns out, may not be the best of all possible worlds--and lately humanity has been carelessly depleting resources, decimating species, and degrading everything needed for life. Meanwhile, human ingenuity has opened up a vista of habitable worlds well beyond our wildest dreams of outposts on Mars. Worlds without End is an expertly guided tour of this thrilling frontier in astronomy: the search for planets with the potential to host life.   With the approachable style that has made him a leading interpreter of astronomy and space science, Chris Impey conducts readers across the vast, fast-developing field of astrobiology, surveying the dizzying advances carrying us ever closer to the discovery of life beyond Earth--and the prospect of humans living on another planet. Since the first exoplanet, or planet beyond our solar system, was discovered in 1995, over 4,000 more have been pinpointed, including hundreds of Earth-like planets, many of them habitable, detected by the Kepler satellite. With a view spanning astronomy, planetary science, geology, chemistry, and biology, Impey provides a state-of-the-art account of what's behind this accelerating progress, what's next, and what it might mean for humanity's future.   The existential threats that we face here on Earth lend urgency to this search, raising the question: Could space be our salvation? From the definition of habitability to the changing shape of space exploration--as it expands beyond the interests of government to the pursuits of private industry--Worlds without End shows us the science, on horizons near and far, that may hold the answers.

The ever-diversifying field of aerosol effects on climate is comprehensively presented here, describing the strong connection between fundamental research and model applications in a way that will allow both experienced researchers and those new to the field to gain an understanding of a wide range of topics. The material is consistently presented at three levels for each topic: (i) an accessible "quick read" of the essentials, (ii) a more detailed description, and (iii) a section dedicated to how the processes are handled in models. The modelling section in each chapter summarizes the current level of knowledge and what the gaps in this understanding mean for the effects of aerosols on climate, enabling readers to quickly understand how new research fits into established knowledge. Definitions, case studies, reference data, and examples are included throughout. Aerosols and Climate is a vital resource for graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, senior researchers, and lecturers in departments of atmospheric science, meteorology, engineering, and environment. It will also be of interest to those working in operational centers and policy-facing organizations, providing strong reference material on the current state of knowledge.

Andean Meltdown examines how climate change and its consequences for Peru's glaciers are affecting the country's water supply and impacting Andean society and culture in unprecedented ways. Drawing on forty years of extensive research, relationship building, and community engagement in Peru, Karsten Paerregaard provides an ethnographic exploration of Andean ritual practices and performances in the context of an altered climate. By documenting Andean peoples' responses to rapid glacier retreat and urgent water shortages, Paerregaard considers the myriad ways climate change intersects with environmental, social, and political change. A pathbreaking contribution to cultural anthropology and environmental humanities, Andean Meltdown challenges prevailing theoretical thinking about the culture-nature nexus and offers a new perspective on Andean peoples' understanding of their role as agents in the shifting relationship between humans and nonhumans.  

The work in your hand contains three main chapters, covering the chemistry of the condensed phase in the atmosphere, first, the different forms of atmospheric waters (precipitation, fog and clouds, dew), and secondly dust, now mostly termed particulate matter and, more scientifically, atmospheric aerosol. A third section treats the gases in the atmosphere. An introductory chapter covers the roots of the term atmospheric chemistry in its relations to chemistry in general and biogeochemistry as the chemistry of the climate system. Furthermore, a brief overview of understanding chemical reactions in aqueous and gaseous phase is given. It is my aim to pay respect to all persons who studied the substances in the air, to those who made small, and to them who made giant contributions for the progress in atmospheric science. I'm not a historian who is able to present the past from a true perspective of their time - this also would not be my aim. If possible, however, I try to interpret the past - almost limited to experimental fi ndings in the nineteenth century - through current values, without dismissal of the problems and ideas of earlier scientists. In this way it is possible to draw some ideas on the historical chemical state of the air. Hence, I name this voyage critical. However, nowhere in this book it is my attention to express my criticism to colleagues and scientifi c ancestors. Great scientists too were subject to errors; doing science consists from the permanent loop observation, interpretation, conclusion, and again testing against new observation. If this volume can contribute more than to be "a nice story" on atmospheric chemistry, then hopefully it inspires the reader to more critical reading of scientifi c publications, and, not to forget the older one. 2022 ASLI Choice Awards Winner! The book won the annual Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI) award. For details see here: https://www.aslionline.org/wp/2022-asli-choice-awards-winners/

Lidar is a remote sensing technique that employs laser beams to produce a high-resolution, four-dimensional probe, with important applications in atmospheric science. Suitable as a detailed reference or an advanced textbook for interdisciplinary courses, this book discusses the underlying principles of light-scattering theory and describes widely used lidar systems in current research, exploring how they can be employed effectively for atmospheric profiling. This self-contained text provides a solid grounding in the essential physics of light-matter interactions and the fundamentals of atmospheric lidars through a discussion of the principles that govern light-matter interactions and an exploration of both historical and recent scientific developments in lidar technology. This is an essential resource for physicists, optical engineers and other researchers in atmospheric science and remote sensing.

Atmospheric Thermodynamics provides a comprehensive treatment of a subject that can often be intimidating. The text analyses real-life problems and applications of the subject, alongside of guiding the reader through the fundamental basics and covering the first and second laws and the ideal gas law, followed by an emphasis on moist processes in Earth's atmosphere. Water in all its phases is a critical component of weather and the Earth's climate system. With user-friendly chapters that include energy conservation and water and its transformations, the authors write with a willingness to expose assumptions and approximations usually absent in other textbooks. History is woven into the text to provide a context for the time evolution of thermodynamics and its place in atmospheric science and demonstrating how physical reasoning leads to correct explanations of everyday phenomena. Many of the experiments described were done using inexpensive instruments to take advantage of the earth's atmosphere as a freely accessible thermodynamics library. This second edition provides updated treatments of atmospheric measurements and substantially expanded sections that include atmospheric applications of the first and second laws and energy exchange between humans and their atmospheric environment. With 400+ thought provoking problems and 350 references with annotated notes and further reading suggestions, this second edition provides a basic understanding of the fundamentals of this subject while still being a comprehensive reference guide for those working in the field of atmospheric and environmental sciences.

Climate Change and Human History provides a concise introduction to the relationship between human beings and climate change throughout history. Starting hundreds of thousands of years ago and going up to the present day, this book illustrates how natural climate variability affected early human societies and how human activity is now leading to drastic changes to our climate. Taking a chronological approach the authors explain how climate change created opportunities and challenges for human societies in each major time period, covering themes such as phases of climate and history, climate shocks, the rise and fall of civilizations, industrialization, accelerating climate change and our future outlook. This 2nd edition includes a new chapter on the explosion of social movements, protest groups and key individuals since 2017 and the implications this has had on the history of climate change, an improved introduction to the Anthropocene and extra content on the basic dynamics of the climate system alongside updated historiography. With more case studies, images and individuals throughout the text, the second edition also includes a glossary of terms and further reading to aid students in understanding this interdisciplinary subject. An ideal companion for all students of environmental history, Climate Change and Human History clearly demonstrates the critical role of climate in shaping human history and of the experience of humans in both adapting to and shaping climate change.

Climate Impacts on Extreme Weather: Current to Future Changes on a Local to Global Scale presents fundamentals and advances in the science of weather and climate extremes, building on the existing knowledge by using regional and global case studies. The book provides an analysis of historical and future changes, physical processes, measurements, space-time variability, socioeconomic impact, and risk management. It provides policy makers, researchers and students working in climate change with a thorough reference for understanding the diverse impacts of extreme weather and climate change on varying geographic scales. With contributions from experts across the globe, the book utilizes methods, case studies, modeling, and analysis to present valuable, up-to-date knowledge about the interaction of climate change, weather and the many implications of the changing environment. Offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of climate research related to extremes Includes both regional and global case studies for applying research to practice, providing a deeper understanding of the science Presents both observed and projected findings using primary research and models

How do we know that climate change is an emergency? How did the scientific community reach this conclusion all but unanimously, and what tools did they use to do it? This book tells the story of climate models, tracing their history from nineteenth-century calculations on the effects of greenhouse gases, to modern Earth system models that integrate the atmosphere, the oceans, and the land using the full resources of today's most powerful supercomputers. Drawing on the author's extensive visits to the world's top climate research labs, this accessible, non-technical book shows how computer models help to build a more complete picture of Earth's climate system. 'Computing the Climate' is ideal for anyone who has wondered where the projections of future climate change come from - and why we should believe them.

"This book describes the physics, mathematics and numerical modeling of the near-Earth medium and its disturbances from seismogenic and solar sources. It formulates the plasma physics foundations, observation data and their interpretation for the nature disaster prediction. The book also demonstrates a coupling between solid (lithosphere) and gaseous (atmosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere, magnetosphere and solar wind) shells of the Earth, which acts as the force influencing various movements of the geo-environment."--Publisher.

Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing and Climate Change Thought provoking treatise that aims to answer questions about Earth's environment based on research done through remote sensing techniques In Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing and Climate Change, the author addresses longstanding questions about a possible correlation between fluctuations in solar activity and changes in the Earth's atmosphere and geosphere that have been observed during periods of extraterrestrial changes such as solar eclipses or solar storms. The author goes on to suggest possible mechanisms for anomalies seen in climate change and other environmental effects through a deep examination of interdisciplinary research. Core topics covered in the work include: Data from ground-based detectors and from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite, which monitor solar activity Key variables associated with sunspot eruption, such as electron flux, proton flux, X-ray flux, and planetary indices Observable changes in other planets and their moons, as well as in cosmic radiation from beyond the sun Extraterrestrial effects on the Earth's magnetic field and on seismic activity With its fresh and multidisciplinary approach, Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing and Climate Change is a thought-provoking treatise for students, researchers, and professionals in the fields of environmental science and climate science.

This book is a comprehensive resource on lightning and describes the unique roles which the state of Arizona has with regard to lightning. Not only is it spectacular, it is also admired, feared, and misunderstood, but its knowledge has come of age in the last two decades. This book describes why Arizona can be called the “Lightning Photography Capital of the U.S.”, how the general public and Native Americans in Arizona have viewed lightning, and when and where lightning occurs and impacts people and resources in Arizona. It contains summaries of interviews with current and former University of Arizona staff who invented real-time lightning detection in the late 1970s and how subsequent lightning research in Arizona has been globally significant. The authors are very well acquainted with and up to date on these topics. The style of this book is active and somewhat scholarly but readable by the nonprofessional with a general interest in lightning. What is lightning? How does lightning affect Arizona? Why do photographers come to Arizona for lightning photographs? What is unique about Arizona lightning? How is lightning detected in Arizona and around the world? This book tells you answers to these questions. This book is intended for a broad audience comprised of visitors, interested lay public, a variety of scientific disciplines, media, medicine, lightning safety, and fire weather. It is suitable for readers desiring a general overview of lightning, especially in Arizona, but also for those who want to know specifically about the topic.

A regional climate impact and adaptation report from the Gwich'in Athabascans of Interior Alaska, The Gwich'in Climate Report is a compilation of transcribed interviews between Matt Gilbert and northern Alaska Gwich'in Athabascan community members, elders, hunters, and trappers. The book explores Gwich'in insight and wisdom about ecology, climate, and the drastic effects of climate change on their landscapes and culture.   These interview subjects are at a "ground zero" of climate change, and their voices are largely absent from popular research on and discussion of the topic. Their traditional knowledge of Arctic flora and fauna, forestation, landforms, meteorology, airstream behavior, and river hydrology makes a significant contribution to the documentation of climate change. In addition, Gilbert bridges the Gwich'in worldview and that of Western science by including factual substantiation and citations that corroborate key observations in the Gwich'in transcripts.   A text that matters for its cultural and historical significance--as well as its potential impact on the way science and policy are conducted in rural Alaska and on public lands--TheGwich'in Climate Report will be of interest to residents of and stakeholders in the communities it represents as well as researchers concerned with on-the-ground conditions of ecosystems and Indigenous peoples most directly affected by climate change.  

Tsunamis are infrequent but terrifying hazards for coastal communities. Difficult to predict, they materialize with little warning, claiming thousands of lives and causing billions of dollars in damage. Now a groundbreaking new approach to tsunami detection and warning developed by an international team of researchers that relies on low-cost underwater sensors and networks of smartphone communication gives at-risk coastal communities an economically viable, scientifically sound means to protect themselves. Hazardous Seas, edited by disaster preparedness experts Louise K. Comfort and Harkunti P. Rahayu, is a guide for policy makers and international NGOs looking to save lives from tsunamis and mitigate crippling damage to communities.

INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER! NATIONAL BESTSELLER Finalist for The Los Angles Times Book Prize in Science & Technology Finalist for the Helen Bernstein Award for Excellence in Journalism Most Anticipated Book by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times * A Next Big Idea Book Club Selection * The New York Times Book Review Editor's Choice * NPR Favorite Books of the Year * Los Angeles Times Best Books of the Year * The Economist Best Books of the Year Jeff Goodell's "masterful, bracing" (David Wallace-Wells) investigation exposes "through stellar reporting, artful storytelling and fascinating scientific explanations" (Naomi Klein) an explosive new understanding of heat and the impact that rising temperatures will have on our lives and on our planet. "Entertaining and thoroughly researched," (Al Gore), it will completely change the way you see the world, and despite its urgent themes, is injected with "eternal optimism" (Michael Mann) on how to combat one of the most important issues of our time.    "When heat comes, it's invisible. It doesn't bend tree branches or blow hair across your face to let you know it's arrived.... The sun feels like the barrel of a gun pointed at you."    The world is waking up to a new reality: wildfires are now seasonal in California, the Northeast is getting less and less snow each winter, and the ice sheets in the Arctic and Antarctica are melting fast.  Heat is the first order threat that drives all other impacts of the climate crisis.  And as the temperature rises, it is revealing fault lines in our governments, our politics, our economy, and our values. The basic science is not complicated: Stop burning fossil fuels tomorrow, and the global temperature will stop rising tomorrow. Stop burning fossil fuels in 50 years, and the temperature will keep rising for 50 years, making parts of our planet virtually uninhabitable.  It's up to us.  The hotter it gets, the deeper and wider our fault lines will open.     The Heat Will Kill You First is about the extreme ways in which our planet is already changing. It is about why spring is coming a few weeks earlier and fall is coming a few weeks later and the impact that will have on everything from our food supply to disease outbreaks. It is about what will happen to our lives and our communities when typical summer days in Chicago or Boston go from 90° F to 110°F. A heatwave, Goodell explains, is a predatory event-- one that culls out the most vulnerable people.  But that is changing. As heatwaves become more intense and more common, they will become more democratic.     As an award-winning journalist who has been at the forefront of environmental journalism for decades, Goodell's new book may be his most provocative yet, explaining how extreme heat will dramatically change the world as we know it.  Masterfully reported, mixing the latest scientific insight with on-the-ground storytelling, Jeff Goodell tackles the big questions and uncovers how extreme heat is a force beyond anything we have reckoned with before.  

In Immeasurable Weather Sara J. Grossman explores how environmental data collection has been central to the larger project of settler colonialism in the United States. She draws on an extensive archive of historical and meteorological data spanning two centuries to show how American scientific institutions used information about the weather to establish and reinforce the foundations of a white patriarchal settler society. Grossman outlines the relationship between climate data and state power in key moments in the history of American weather science, from the nineteenth-century public data-gathering practices of settler farmers and teachers and the automation of weather data during the Dust Bowl to the role of meteorological satellites in data science's integration into the militarized state. Throughout, Grossman shows that weather science reproduced the natural world as something to be measured, owned, and exploited. This data gathering, she contends, gave coherence to a national weather project and to a notion of the nation itself, demonstrating that weather science's impact cannot be reduced to a set of quantifiable phenomena.

As wildfires rip across the western United States and sea levels rise along coastal cities from Louisiana to Alaska, some people nevertheless reject the mainstream scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. What leads people to doubt or outright denial? What leads skeptics to change their minds? Drawing from a rich collection of interviews and surveys with self-identified climate change skeptics (and some former ones), sociologists Kristin Haltinner and Dilshani Sarathchandra delve into the underlying dynamics of climate skepticism in the United States. In probing how ideas about science, religion, politics, and media affect perceptions of climate change, they find a far greater diversity of attitudes and beliefs than one might expect--including some pro-environmental views. With this nuanced understanding of climate change skepticism, Inside the World of Climate Change Skeptics offers much-needed insights on improving communication in ways that can move us toward a better future while advancing environmental policies with widespread political support.

A wondrous story of scientific endeavor--probing the great ice sheets of Antarctica From the moment explorers set foot on the ice of Antarctica in the early nineteenth century, they desired to learn what lay beneath. David J. Drewry provides an insider's account of the ambitious and often hazardous radar mapping expeditions that he and fellow glaciologists undertook during the height of the Cold War, when concerns about global climate change were first emerging and scientists were finally able to peer into the Antarctic ice and take its measure. In this panoramic book, Drewry charts the history and breakthrough science of radio-echo sounding, a revolutionary technique that has enabled researchers to measure the thickness and properties of ice continuously from the air--transforming our understanding of the world's great ice sheets. To those involved in this epic fieldwork, it was evident that our planet is rapidly changing, and its future depends on the stability and behavior of these colossal ice masses. Drewry describes how bad weather, downed aircraft, and human frailty disrupt the most meticulously laid plans, and how success, built on remarkable international cooperation, can spawn institutional rivalries. The Land Beneath the Ice captures the excitement and innovative spirit of a pioneering era in Antarctic geophysical exploration, recounting its perils and scientific challenges, and showing how its discoveries are helping us to tackle environmental challenges of global significance.

Explore the spectrum of lidar engineering in this one-of-a-kind introduction. For the first time, this multidisciplinary resource covers all the scientific and engineering aspects of atmospheric lidar - including atmospheric science, spectroscopy, lasers and eye safety, classical optics and electro-optics, electrical and mechanical engineering, and software algorithms - in a single comprehensive and authoritative book. Discover up-to-date material not included in any other book, including simple treatments of the lidar crossover range and depolarization in lidar signals, an improved explanation of lidar data inversion algorithms, digital signal processing applications in lidar, and statistical limitations of lidar signal-to-noise ratios. This is an ideal standalone text for students seeking a thorough grounding in lidar, whether through a taught course or self-study.

To what extent does journalism deserve blame for the failure to address climate change over the last thirty years? Critics point out that climate coverage has often lacked necessary urgency and hewed to traditional notions of objectivity and balance that allowed powerful interests--mainly fossil fuel companies--to manufacture doubt. Climate journalism, however, developed alongside the digital media landscape, which is characterized by rampant misinformation, political polarization, unaccountable tech companies, unchecked corporate power, and vast inequalities. Under these circumstances, journalism struggled, and bad actors flourished, muddling messages while emissions mounted and societies struggled to avert catastrophe. The Mediated Climate explores the places where the climate and information crises meet, examining how journalism, activism, corporations, and Big Tech compete to influence the public. Adrienne Russell argues that the inadequate response to climate change is intertwined with the profound challenges facing the communications environment. She demonstrates that the information crisis is driven not only by technological changes but also by concentrated power that predates the rise of digital media companies. Efforts to improve climate coverage must take into account the larger social and material contexts in which journalism operates and the broader power dynamics that shape public discourse. Drawing on interviews with journalists and activists, Russell considers the ways recent movements are battling misinformation. She offers timely recommendations to foster engagement with climate issues and calls on readers to join in efforts to reshape the media landscape to better serve the public interest.

In 1956, the New York Times prophesied that once global warming really kicked in, we could see parrots in the Antarctic. In 2010, when science deniers had control of the climate story, Senator James Inhofe and his family built an igloo on the Washington Mall and plunked a sign on top: AL GORE'S NEW HOME: HONK IF YOU LOVE CLIMATE CHANGE. In The Parrot and the Igloo, best-selling author David Lipsky tells the astonishing story of how we moved from one extreme (the correct one) to the other. With narrative sweep and a superb eye for character, Lipsky unfolds the dramatic narrative of the long, strange march of climate science. The story begins with a tale of three inventors--Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and Nikola Tesla--who made our technological world, not knowing what they had set into motion. Then there are the scientists who sounded the alarm once they identified carbon dioxide as the culprit of our warming planet. And we meet the hucksters, zealots, and crackpots who lied about that science and misled the public in ever more outrageous ways. Lipsky masterfully traces the evolution of climate denial, exposing how it grew out of early efforts to build a network of untruth about products like aspirin and cigarettes. Featuring an indelible cast of heroes and villains, mavericks and swindlers, The Parrot and the Igloo delivers a real-life tragicomedy--one that captures the extraordinary dance of science, money, and the American character.

A comprehensive introduction to the plastics life cycle--the impacts on our lives, our future, and our planet--and the actions we can take. Everywhere we look, we are surrounded by plastics: perhaps you have a book in one hand and your phone--made of various metals, plastics, and glass--in the other, or you are reading this on your polyurethane mattress after having flipped on a plastic light switch. In this Essential Knowledge series volume, Imari Walker-Franklin and Jenna Jambeck provide a deep exploration of the entire life of plastic things--plastics production and use, plastic waste generation and management, the environmental and societal impacts of plastics in our environment, and, finally, the policies that can help reduce pollution caused by our heavy use of plastics.  One of the most current and comprehensive summaries on the subject, Plastics covers not only ocean and terrestrial plastic pollution but also the potential harms of microplastics on the human body. The authors also explain why we use plastic for so many products, how trash ends up in even the most remote corners of our world, and the alternatives and interventions that can help address our overreliance on this virtually imperishable material. As easily digestible to read as it is important, this book empowers its readers with the crucial knowledge and information they need to make thoughtful consumer choices, influence change, and spark inspiration.

RESPONDING TO EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS An up-to-date discussion of the latest in weather-related event forecasting and management In Responding to Extreme Weather Events, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a timely and authoritative exploration of three international extreme weather projects: ANYWHERE, I-REACT, and BeAWARE. The key contributions from policymaking, science, and industry in each project are discussed, as are the resulting improved measures and technologies for forecasting and managing weather-related extreme events. The authors cover the entire crisis management cycle, from awareness and early warning to effective responses to extreme weather events. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the science and policy background of managing extreme weather events Comprehensive explorations of impact forecasting for extreme weather events, including discussion of the ANYWHERE project Practical discussions of how to improve resilience to weather-related emergencies with advanced cyber technologies, including discussion of the I-REACT project A novel framework for crisis management during extreme weather events, including discussion of the BeAWARE project Essential for disaster management professionals, Responding to Extreme Weather Events will also benefit academic staff and researchers with an interest in extreme weather events and their consequences.

A comprehensive overview of essential statistical concepts, useful statistical methods, data visualization, and modern computing tools for the climate sciences and many others such as geography and environmental engineering. It is an invaluable reference for students and researchers in climatology and its connected fields who wish to learn data science, statistics, R and Python programming. The examples and exercises in the book empower readers to work on real climate data from station observations, remote sensing and simulated results. For example, students can use R or Python code to read and plot the global warming data and the global precipitation data in netCDF, csv, txt, or JSON; and compute and interpret empirical orthogonal functions. The book's computer code and real-world data allow readers to fully utilize the modern computing technology and updated datasets. Online supplementary resources include R code and Python code, data files, figure files, tutorials, slides and sample syllabi.

Clouds, convection and precipitation processes are central components of Earth's weather and climate. They are produced by atmospheric motions across a very wide range of space-time scales from local weather to long-term global climate variation. They feedback on these motions by perturbing the heating/cooling that drive the atmospheric circulation. These processes also perturb the oceanic circulation and land surface properties that affect the atmospheric circulation.Because of the coupling of the atmosphere-ocean-land system across all scales by cloud, convection and precipitation processes, studying their behaviors requires measurements in space-time variations across all these scales simultaneously. Satellite constellations with global coverage and high time resolution offer the ideal platforms for such observations. This book summarizes some of the latest research using combinations of various satellite observations to study these processes and to evaluate their representations in global weather and climate models.Included with this publication are downloadable electronic slides and accompanying notes of each lecture for students, teachers, and public speakers around the world to be better able to understand cloud, convection and precipitation processes.

Visualization Techniques for Climate Change with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence covers computer-aided artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies as related to the impacts of climate change and its potential to prevent/remediate the effects. As such, different types of algorithms, mathematical relations and software models may help us to understand our current reality, predict future weather events and create new products and services to minimize human impact, chances of improving and saving lives and creating a healthier world. This book covers different types of tools for the prediction of climate change and alternative systems which can reduce the levels of threats observed by climate change scientists. Moreover, the book will help to achieve at least one of 17 sustainable development goals i.e., climate action. Includes case studies on the application of AI and machine learning for monitoring climate change effects and management Features applications of software and algorithms for modeling and forecasting climate change Shows how real-time monitoring of specific factors (temperature, level of greenhouse gases, rain fall patterns, etc.) are responsible for climate change and possible mitigation efforts to achieve environmental sustainability

Weather has always affected human life. Understanding how weather events form and predicting what kind of weather is coming can help enormously to manage weather-risk and will become even more important as we shift towards strongly weather-dependent energy sources. Some big steps forward in numerical weather prediction have been made in the past 40 years, thanks to advances in four key areas: the way we observe the Earth, the scientific understanding of the phenomena, advances in high-performance computing (that have allowed the use of increasingly complex models), and improved modelling techniques. Today we are capable of predicting extreme events such as hurricanes and extra-tropical windstorms very accurately up to 7 to 10 days ahead. We can predict the most likely path and intensity of storms before they hit a community, estimate the confidence level of the forecast, and can give very valuable indications of their probable impact. Larger-scale phenomena that affect entire countries, such as heat or cold waves, periods with extremely high or low temperatures lasting for days, can be forecast up to 2-to-3 weeks before the events occur. Phenomena that affect a big portion of the oceans or of a continent and that evolve slowly, such as the warming of the sea-surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean when an El Nino event occurs, can be predicted months ahead, and in some cases even longer. Weather Prediction: What Everyone Needs to Know® discusses some of the key topics linked to weather prediction and explains how we got here. It discusses questions that are often asked, such as: how are weather forecasts generated? How complex are the models used in numerical weather prediction, and how to solve them? Was this event predictable? Why was this forecast wrong? How did you manage to predict this hurricane path 10 days before the event? Will weather forecast continue to improve, or is there a predictability limit?

2023 Martin Kansas History Book Award In 1955 the small town of Udall, Kansas, was home to oil field workers, homemakers, and teenagers looking ahead to their futures. But on the night of May 25, an F5 tornado struck their town without warning. In three minutes the tornado destroyed most of the buildings, including the new high school. It toppled the water tower. It lifted a pickup truck, stripped off its cab, and hung the frame in a tree. By the time the tornado moved on, it had killed 82 people and injured 270 others, more than half the town's population of roughly 600 people. It remains the deadliest tornado in the history of Kansas. Jim Minick's nonfiction account, Without Warning, tells the human story of this disaster, moment by moment, from the perspectives of those who survived. His spellbinding narrative connects this history to our world today. Minick demonstrates that even if we have never experienced a tornado, we are still a people shaped and defined by weather and the events that unfold in our changing climate. Through the tragedy and hope found in this story of destruction, Without Warning tells a larger story of community, survival, and how we might find our way through the challenges of the future.

Covering, arguably, one of the most attractive and mysterious mathematical objects, the Monster group, this text strives to provide an insightful introduction and the discusses the current state of the field. The Monster group is related to many areas of mathematics, as well as physics, from number theory to string theory. This book cuts through the complex nature of the field, highlighting some of the mysteries and intricate relationships involved. Containing many meaningful examples and a manual introduction to the computer package GAP, it provides the opportunity and resources for readers to start their own calculations. Some 20 experts here share their expertise spanning this exciting field, and the resulting volume is ideal for researchers and graduate students working in Combinatorial Algebra, Group theory and related areas.

Bayesian statistical analyses have become increasingly common over the last two decades. The rapid increase in computing power that facilitated their implementation coincided with major changes in the research interests of, and data availability for, social scientists. Specifically, the last two decades have seen an increase in the availability of panel data sets, other hierarchically structured data sets including spatially organized data, along with interests in life course processes and the influence of context on individual behavior and outcomes. The Bayesian approach to statistics is well-suited for these types of data and research questions. Applied Bayesian Statisticsis an introduction to these methods that is geared toward social scientists. Author Scott M. Lynch makes the material accessible by emphasizing application more than theory, explaining the math in a step-by-step fashion, and demonstrating the Bayesian approach in analyses of U.S. political trends drawing on data from the General Social Survey.

Bayesian Nonparametrics for Causal Inference and Missing Data provides an overview of flexible Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) methods for modeling joint or conditional distributions and functional relationships, and their interplay with causal inference and missing data. This book emphasizes the importance of making untestable assumptions to identify estimands of interest, such as missing at random assumption for missing data and unconfoundedness for causal inference in observational studies. Unlike parametric methods, the BNP approach can account for possible violations of assumptions and minimize concerns about model misspecification. The overall strategy is to first specify BNP models for observed data and then to specify additional uncheckable assumptions to identify estimands of interest. The book is divided into three parts. Part I develops the key concepts in causal inference and missing data and reviews relevant concepts in Bayesian inference. Part II introduces the fundamental BNP tools required to address causal inference and missing data problems. Part III shows how the BNP approach can be applied in a variety of case studies. The datasets in the case studies come from electronic health records data, survey data, cohort studies, and randomized clinical trials. Features * Thorough discussion of both BNP and its interplay with causal inference and missing data * How to use BNP and g-computation for causal inference and non-ignorable missingness * How to derive and calibrate sensitivity parameters to assess sensitivity to deviations from uncheckable causal and/or missingness assumptions * Detailed case studies illustrating the application of BNP methods to causal inference and missing data * R code and/or packages to implement BNP in causal inference and missing data problems The book is primarily aimed at researchers and graduate students from statistics and biostatistics. It will also serve as a useful practical reference for mathematically sophisticated epidemiologists and medical researchers.

Since their introduction by Gromov in the 1980s, the study of bounded cohomology and simplicial volume has developed into an active field connected to geometry and group theory. This monograph, arising from a learning seminar for young researchers working in the area, provides a collection of different perspectives on the subject, both classical and recent. The book's introduction presents the main definitions of the theories of bounded cohomology and simplicial volume, outlines their history, and explains their principal motivations and applications. Individual chapters then present different aspects of the theory, with a focus on examples. Detailed references to foundational papers and the latest research are given for readers wishing to dig deeper. The prerequisites are only basic knowledge of classical algebraic topology and of group theory, and the presentations are gentle and informal in order to be accessible to beginning graduate students wanting to enter this lively and topical field.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, English numerical practices underwent a complex transformation with wide-ranging impacts on English society. At the beginning of the early modern period, English men and women believed that God had made humans universally numerate, although numbers were not central to their everyday lives. Over the next two centuries, rising literacy rates and the increasing availability of printed books revolutionized modes of arithmetical practice and education. Ordinary English people began to use numbers and quantification to explain abstract phenomena as diverse as the relativity of time, the probability of chance events, and the constitution of human populations. These changes reflected their participation in broader early modern European cultural and intellectual developments such as the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. By the eighteenth century, English men and women still believed they lived in a world made by God, but it was also a world made--and made understandable--by numbers.

Algebraic varieties are shapes defined by polynomial equations. Smooth Fano threefolds are a fundamental subclass that can be thought of as higher-dimensional generalizations of ordinary spheres. They belong to 105 irreducible deformation families. This book determines whether the general element of each family admits a Kähler-Einstein metric (and for many families, for all elements), addressing a question going back to Calabi 70 years ago. The book's solution exploits the relation between these metrics and the algebraic notion of K-stability. Moreover, the book presents many different techniques to prove the existence of a Kähler-Einstein metric, containing many additional relevant results such as the classification of all Kähler-Einstein smooth Fano threefolds with infinite automorphism groups and computations of delta-invariants of all smooth del Pezzo surfaces. This book will be essential reading for researchers and graduate students working on algebraic geometry and complex geometry.

Categorical Data Analysis and Multilevel Modeling Using Rprovides a practical guide to regression techniques for analyzing binary, ordinal, nominal, and count response variables using the R software. Author Xing Liu offers a unified framework for both single-level and multilevel modeling of categorical and count response variables with both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Each chapter demonstrates how to conduct the analysis using R, how to interpret the models, and how to present the results for publication. A companion website for this book contains datasets and R commands used in the book for students, and solutions for the end-of-chapter exercises on the instructor site.

It is well known that if two independent identically distributed random variables are Gaussian, then their sum and difference are also independent. It turns out that only Gaussian random variables have such property. This statement, known as the famous Kac-Bernstein theorem, is a typical example of a so-called characterization theorem. Characterization theorems in mathematical statistics are statements in which the description of possible distributions of random variables follows from properties of some functions of these random variables. The first results in this area are associated with famous 20th century mathematicians such as G. Pólya, M. Kac, S. N. Bernstein, and Yu. V. Linnik.By now, the corresponding theory on the real line has basically been constructed. The problem of extending the classical characterization theorems to various algebraic structures has been actively studied in recent decades. The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive and self-contained overview of the current state of the theory of characterization problems on locally compact Abelian groups. The book will be useful to everyone with some familiarity of abstract harmonic analysis who is interested in probability distributions and functional equations on groups.

Uniquely organized by chemical rather than mathematical topics, this book relates each mathematical technique to the chemical concepts where it applies. The new edition features additional, revised, and updated material in every chapter and maintains the clarity of the previous edition with the appropriate organization of topics and improved cross-referencing where mathematical techniques occur more than once. The text contains additional worked examples and end-of-chapter exercises with detailed solutions・giving students the opportunity to apply previously introduced techniques to chemically related problems. It is an ideal course companion for chemistry courses throughout the length of a degree. Features ◾ This book covers the difficult area of mathematics in an easy-to-read format for students and professionals in chemistry and related subjects. ◾ Structured according to chemical rather than mathematical topics. ◾ Each topic has at least 12 end of chapter applied chemistry problems to provide practice in applying the techniques to real chemistry. ◾ Indexing of material by both chemical and mathematical topics. ◾ Extends its utility as a concise and practical reference for professionals in a wide array of scientific disciplines involving chemistry.

Mathematical models are very much in the news now, as they are used to make decisions about our response to such vital areas as COVID-19 and climate change. Frequently, they are blamed for a series of dubious decisions, creating much concern amongst the general public. However, without mathematical models, we would have none of the modern technology that we take for granted, nor would we have modern health care, be able to forecast the climate, cook a potato, have electricity to power our home, or go into space.By explaining technical mathematical concepts in a way that everyone can understand and appreciate, Climate, Chaos and COVID: How Mathematical Models Describe the Universe sets the record straight and lifts the lid off the mystery of mathematical models. It shows why they work, how good they can be, the advantages and disadvantages of using them and how they make the modern world possible. The readers will be able to see the impact that the use of these models has on their lives, and will be able to appreciate both their power and their limitations.The book includes a very large number of both short and long case studies, many of which are taken directly from the author's own experiences of working as a mathematical modeller in academia, in industry, and between the two. These include COVID-19 and climate and how maths saves the whales, powers our home, gives us the material we need to live, and takes us into space.

An examination of the symbiotic and productive relationship between fully nonlinear partial differential equations and generalized potential theories In recent years, there has evolved a symbiotic and productive relationship between fully nonlinear partial differential equations and generalized potential theories. This book examines important aspects of this story. One main purpose is to prove comparison principles for nonlinear potential theories in Euclidian spaces straightforwardly from duality and monotonicity under the weakest possible notion of ellipticity. The book also shows how to deduce comparison principles for nonlinear differential operators, by marrying these two points of view, under the correspondence principle. The authors explain that comparison principles are fundamental in both contexts, since they imply uniqueness for the Dirichlet problem. When combined with appropriate boundary geometries, yielding suitable barrier functions, they also give existence by Perron's method. There are many opportunities for cross-fertilization and synergy. In potential theory, one is given a constraint set of 2-jets that determines its subharmonic functions. The constraint set also determines a family of compatible differential operators. Because there are many such operators, potential theory strengthens and simplifies the operator theory. Conversely, the set of operators associated with the constraint can influence the potential theory.

The first book on the explicit birational geometry of complex algebraic threefolds arising from the minimal model program, this text is sure to become an essential reference in the field of birational geometry. Threefolds remain the interface between low and high-dimensional settings and a good understanding of them is necessary in this actively evolving area. Intended for advanced graduate students as well as researchers working in birational geometry, the book is as self-contained as possible. Detailed proofs are given throughout and more than 100 examples help to deepen understanding of birational geometry. The first part of the book deals with threefold singularities, divisorial contractions and flips. After a thorough explanation of the Sarkisov program, the second part is devoted to the analysis of outputs, specifically minimal models and Mori fibre spaces. The latter are divided into conical fibrations, del Pezzo fibrations and Fano threefolds according to the relative dimension.

The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras. This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.

Data analysis has been a hot topic for a number of years, and many future data scientists have backgrounds that are relatively light in mathematics. This slim volume provides a very approachable guide to the techniques of the subject, designed with such people in mind. Formulae are kept to a minimum, but the book's scope is broad, introducing the basic ideas of probability and statistics and more advanced techniques such as generalised linear models,classification using logistic regression, and support-vector machines.An essential feature of the book is that it does not tie to any particular software. The methods introduced in this bookcould also be implemented using any other statistical software and applying any major statistical package. Academically, the book amounts to a first course, practical for those at the undergraduate level, either as part of a mathematics/statistics degree or as a data-oriented option for a non-mathematics degree. The book appeals to would-be data scientists who may be formula shy. However, it could also be a relevant purchase for statisticians and mathematicians, for whomdata science is a new departure, overall appealing to any computer-literate reader with data to analyse.

Discrete quantum walks are quantum analogues of classical random walks. They are an important tool in quantum computing and a number of algorithms can be viewed as discrete quantum walks, in particular Grover's search algorithm. These walks are constructed on an underlying graph, and so there is a relation between properties of walks and properties of the graph. This book studies the mathematical problems that arise from this connection, and the different classes of walks that arise. Written at a level suitable for graduate students in mathematics, the only prerequisites are linear algebra and basic graph theory; no prior knowledge of physics is required. The text serves as an introduction to this important and rapidly developing area for mathematicians and as a detailed reference for computer scientists and physicists working on quantum information theory.

Richard Stanley's two-volume basic introduction to enumerative combinatorics has become the standard guide to the topic for students and experts alike. This thoroughly revised second edition of volume two covers the composition of generating functions, in particular the exponential formula and the Lagrange inversion formula, labelled and unlabelled trees, algebraic, D-finite, and noncommutative generating functions, and symmetric functions. The chapter on symmetric functions provides the only available treatment of this subject suitable for an introductory graduate course and focusing on combinatorics, especially the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithm. An appendix by Sergey Fomin covers some deeper aspects of symmetric functions, including jeu de taquin and the Littlewood-Richardson rule. The exercises in the book play a vital role in developing the material, and this second edition features over 400 exercises, including 159 new exercises on symmetric functions, all with solutions or references to solutions.

Equivariant cohomology has become an indispensable tool in algebraic geometry and in related areas including representation theory, combinatorial and enumerative geometry, and algebraic combinatorics. This text introduces the main ideas of the subject for first- or second-year graduate students in mathematics, as well as researchers working in algebraic geometry or combinatorics. The first six chapters cover the basics: definitions via finite-dimensional approximation spaces, computations in projective space, and the localization theorem. The rest of the text focuses on examples - toric varieties, Grassmannians, and homogeneous spaces - along with applications to Schubert calculus and degeneracy loci. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum, so that one-semester graduate-level courses in algebraic geometry and topology should be sufficient preparation. Featuring numerous exercises, examples, and material that has not previously appeared in textbook form, this book will be a must-have reference and resource for both students and researchers for years to come.th students and researchers for years to come.th students and researchers for years to come.th students and researchers for years to come.

Exploring Musical Spaces is a comprehensive synthesis of mathematical techniques in music theory, written with the aim of making these techniques accessible to music scholars without extensive prior training in mathematics.

This volume establishes the moduli theory of stable varieties, giving the optimal approach to understanding families of varieties of general type. Starting from the Deligne-Mumford theory of the moduli of curves and using Mori's program as a main tool, the book develops the techniques necessary for a theory in all dimensions. The main results give all the expected general properties, including a projective coarse moduli space.

This book provides a gentle introduction to fractional Sobolev spaces which play a central role in the calculus of variations, partial differential equations, and harmonic analysis. The first part deals with fractional Sobolev spaces of one variable. It covers the definition, standard properties, extensions, embeddings, Hardy inequalities, and interpolation inequalities. The second part deals with fractional Sobolev spaces of several variables. The author studies completeness, density, homogeneous fractional Sobolev spaces, embeddings, necessary and sufficient conditions for extensions, Gagliardo-Nirenberg type interpolation inequalities, and trace theory. The third part explores some applications: interior regularity for the Poisson problem with the right-hand side in a fractional Sobolev space and some basic properties of the fractional Laplacian.The first part of the book is accessible to advanced undergraduates with a strong background in integration theory; the second part, to graduate students having familiarity with measure and integration and some functional analysis. Basic knowledge of Sobolev spaces would help, but is not necessary. The book can also serve as a reference for mathematicians working in the calculus of variations and partial differential equations as well as for researchers in other disciplines with a solid mathematics background. It contains several exercises and is self-contained.

This up-to-date treatment of recent developments in geometric inverse problems introduces graduate students and researchers to an exciting area of research. With an emphasis on the two-dimensional case, topics covered include geodesic X-ray transforms, boundary rigidity, tensor tomography, attenuated X-ray transforms and the Calderón problem. The presentation is self-contained and begins with the Radon transform and radial sound speeds as motivating examples. The required geometric background is developed in detail in the context of simple manifolds with boundary. An in-depth analysis of various geodesic X-ray transforms is carried out together with related uniqueness, stability, reconstruction and range characterization results. Highlights include a proof of boundary rigidity for simple surfaces as well as scattering rigidity for connections. The concluding chapter discusses current open problems and related topics. The numerous exercises and examples make this book an excellent self-study resource or text for a one-semester course or seminar.

The theory of geometric structures on manifolds which are locally modeled on a homogeneous space of a Lie group traces back to Charles Ehresmann in the 1930s, although many examples had been studied previously. Such locally homogeneous geometric structures are special cases of Cartan connections where the associated curvature vanishes. This theory received a big boost in the 1970s when W. Thurston put his geometrization program for 3-manifolds in this context. The subject of this book is more ambitious in scope. Unlike Thurston's eight 3-dimensional geometries, it covers structures which are not metric structures, such as affine and projective structures.This book describes the known examples in dimensions one, two and three. Each geometry has its own special features, which provide special tools in its study. Emphasis is given to the interrelationships between different geometries and how one kind of geometric structure induces structures modeled on a different geometry. Up to now, much of the literature has been somewhat inaccessible and the book collects many of the pieces into one unified work. This book focuses on several successful classification problems. Namely, fix a geometry in the sense of Klein and a topological manifold. Then the different ways of locally putting the geometry on the manifold lead to a "moduli space". Often the moduli space carries a rich geometry of its own reflecting the model geometry.The book is self-contained and accessible to students who have taken first-year graduate courses in topology, smooth manifolds, differential geometry and Lie groups.

Cubic hypersurfaces are described by almost the simplest possible polynomial equations, yet their behaviour is rich enough to demonstrate many of the central challenges in algebraic geometry. With exercises and detailed references to the wider literature, this thorough text introduces cubic hypersurfaces and all the techniques needed to study them. The book starts by laying the foundations for the study of cubic hypersurfaces and of many other algebraic varieties, covering cohomology and Hodge theory of hypersurfaces, moduli spaces of those and Fano varieties of linear subspaces contained in hypersurfaces. The next three chapters examine the general machinery applied to cubic hypersurfaces of dimension two, three, and four. Finally, the author looks at cubic hypersurfaces from a categorical point of view and describes motivic features. Based on the author's lecture courses, this is an ideal text for graduate students as well as an invaluable reference for researchers in algebraic geometry.

How a new mathematical field grew and matured in America Graph Theory in America focuses on the development of graph theory in North America from 1876 to 1976. At the beginning of this period, James Joseph Sylvester, perhaps the finest mathematician in the English-speaking world, took up his appointment as the first professor of mathematics at the Johns Hopkins University, where his inaugural lecture outlined connections between graph theory, algebra, and chemistry--shortly after, he introduced the word graph in our modern sense. A hundred years later, in 1976, graph theory witnessed the solution of the long-standing four color problem by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken of the University of Illinois. Tracing graph theory's trajectory across its first century, this book looks at influential figures in the field, both familiar and less known. Whereas many of the featured mathematicians spent their entire careers working on problems in graph theory, a few such as Hassler Whitney started there and then moved to work in other areas. Others, such as C. S. Peirce, Oswald Veblen, and George Birkhoff, made excursions into graph theory while continuing their focus elsewhere. Between the main chapters, the book provides short contextual interludes, describing how the American university system developed and how graph theory was progressing in Europe. Brief summaries of specific publications that influenced the subject's development are also included. Graph Theory in America tells how a remarkable area of mathematics landed on American soil, took root, and flourished.

Very Short Introductions: Brilliant, Sharp, Inspiring Kurt Gödel first published his celebrated theorem, showing that no axiomatization can determine the whole truth and nothing but the truth concerning arithmetic, nearly a century ago. The theorem challenged prevalent presuppositions about the nature of mathematics and was consequently of considerable mathematical interest, while also raising various deep philosophical questions. Gödel's Theorem has since established itself as a landmark intellectual achievement, having a profound impact on today's mathematical ideas. Gödel and his theorem have attracted something of a cult following, though his theorem is often misunderstood. This Very Short Introduction places the theorem in its intellectual and historical context, and explains the key concepts as well as common misunderstandings of what it actually states. Adrian Moore provides a clear statement of the theorem, presenting two proofs, each of which has something distinctive to teach about its content. Moore also discusses the most important philosophical implications of the theorem. In particular, Moore addresses the famous question of whether the theorem shows the human mind to have mathematical powers beyond those of any possible computer ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Constructive mathematics - mathematics in which 'there exists' always means 'we can construct' - is enjoying a renaissance. fifty years on from Bishop's groundbreaking account of constructive analysis, constructive mathematics has spread out to touch almost all areas of mathematics and to have profound influence in theoretical computer science. This handbook gives the most complete overview of modern constructive mathematics, with contributions from leading specialists surveying the subject's myriad aspects. Major themes include: constructive algebra and geometry, constructive analysis, constructive topology, constructive logic and foundations of mathematics, and computational aspects of constructive mathematics. A series of introductory chapters provides graduate students and other newcomers to the subject with foundations for the surveys that follow. Edited by four of the most eminent experts in the field, this is an indispensable reference for constructive mathematicians and a fascinating vista of modern constructivism for the increasing number of researchers interested in constructive approaches.

The definitive one-stop resource on structural equation modeling (SEM) from leading methodologists is now in a significantly revised second edition. Twenty-three new chapters cover model selection, bifactor models, item parceling, multitrait-multimethod models, exploratory SEM, mixture models, SEM with small samples, and more. The book moves from fundamental SEM topics (causality, visualization, assumptions, estimation, model fit, and managing missing data); to major model types focused on unobserved causes of covariance between observed variables; to more complex, specialized applications. Each chapter provides conceptually oriented descriptions, fully explicated analyses, and engaging examples that reveal modeling possibilities for use with the reader's data. The expanded companion website presents full data sets, code, and output for many of the chapters, as well as bonus selected chapters from the prior edition.   New to This Edition *Chapters on additional topics not mentioned above: SEM-based meta-analysis, dynamic SEM, machine-learning approaches, and more. *Chapters include computer code associated with example analyses (in Mplus and/or the R package lavaan), along with written descriptions of results. *60% new material reflects a decade's worth of developments in the mechanics and application of SEM. *Many new contributors and fully rewritten chapters.  

This book tells the history of impossibility theorems starting with the ancient Greek proof of the incommensurability of the side and the diagonal in a square.

A new threshold for the existence of weak solutions to the incompressible Euler equations To gain insight into the nature of turbulent fluids, mathematicians start from experimental facts, translate them into mathematical properties for solutions of the fundamental fluids PDEs, and construct solutions to these PDEs that exhibit turbulent properties. This book belongs to such a program, one that has brought convex integration techniques into hydrodynamics. Convex integration techniques have been used to produce solutions with precise regularity, which are necessary for the resolution of the Onsager conjecture for the 3D Euler equations, or solutions with intermittency, which are necessary for the construction of dissipative weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations. In this book, weak solutions to the 3D Euler equations are constructed for the first time with both non-negligible regularity and intermittency. These solutions enjoy a spatial regularity index in L^2 that can be taken as close as desired to 1/2, thus lying at the threshold of all known convex integration methods. This property matches the measured intermittent nature of turbulent flows. The construction of such solutions requires technology specifically adapted to the inhomogeneities inherent in intermittent solutions. The main technical contribution of this book is to develop convex integration techniques at the local rather than global level. This localization procedure functions as an ad hoc wavelet decomposition of the solution, carrying information about position, amplitude, and frequency in both Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates.

This book gives a self-contained introduction to the modern ideas and problems of harmonic analysis. Intended for third- and fourth-year undergraduates, the book only requires basic knowledge of real analysis, and covers necessary background in measure theory, Lebesgue integration and approximation theorems.The book motivates the study of harmonic functions by describing the Dirichlet problem, and discussing examples such as solutions to the heat equation in equilibrium, the real and imaginary parts of holomorphic functions, and the minimizing functions of energy. It then leads students through an in-depth study of the boundary behavior of harmonic functions and finishes by developing the theory of harmonic functions defined on fractals domains.The book is designed as a textbook for an introductory course on classical harmonic analysis, or for a course on analysis on fractals. Each chapter contains exercises, and bibliographic and historical notes. The book can also be used as a supplemental text or for self-study.

Introducing foundational concepts in infinite-dimensional differential geometry beyond Banach manifolds, this text is based on Bastiani calculus. It focuses on two main areas of infinite-dimensional geometry: infinite-dimensional Lie groups and weak Riemannian geometry, exploring their connections to manifolds of (smooth) mappings. Topics covered include diffeomorphism groups, loop groups and Riemannian metrics for shape analysis. Numerous examples highlight both surprising connections between finite- and infinite-dimensional geometry, and challenges occurring solely in infinite dimensions. The geometric techniques developed are then showcased in modern applications of geometry such as geometric hydrodynamics, higher geometry in the guise of Lie groupoids, and rough path theory. With plentiful exercises, some with solutions, and worked examples, this will be indispensable for graduate students and researchers working at the intersection of functional analysis, non-linear differential equations and differential geometry. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Introduction to Probability Models: Thirteenth Edition is available in two manageable volumes: an Elementary edition appropriate for undergraduate use and an Advanced edition for graduate use. Together, and through their hallmark exercises and real examples, both versions offer a comprehensive foundation of this key subject with applications across engineering, computer science, management science, the physical and social sciences and operations research. Users will find comprehensive information that introduces them to the foundations of probability modeling and stochastic processes from Random Variables, to Markov Chains and Renewal Theory.

"This book is the first comprehensive introduction to smooth ergodic theory. It consists of two parts: the first introduces the core of the theory and the second discusses more advanced topics. In particular, the book describes the general theory of Lyapunov exponents and its applications to the stability theory of differential equations, the concept of nonuniform hyperbolicity, stable manifold theory (with emphasis on absolute continuity of invariant foliations), and the ergodic theory of dynamical systems with nonzero Lyapunov exponents. A detailed description of all the basic examples of conservative systems with nonzero Lyapunov exponents, including the geodesic flows on compact surfaces of nonpositive curvature, is also presented. There are more than 80 exercises. The book is aimed at graduate students specializing in dynamical systems and ergodic theory as well as anyone who wishes to get a working knowledge of smooth ergodic theory and to learn how to use its tools. It can also be used as a source for special topics courses on nonuniform hyperbolicity. The only prerequisite for using this book is a basic knowledge of real analysis, measure theory, differential equations, and topology, although the necessary background definitions and results are provided.In this second edition, the authors improved the exposition and added more exercises to make the book even more student-oriented. They also added new material to bring the book more in line with the current research in dynamical systems."--Provided by publisher.

In differential geometry and topology one often deals with systems of partial differential equations as well as partial differential inequalities that have infinitely many solutions whatever boundary conditions are imposed. It was discovered in the 1950s that the solvability of differential relations (i.e., equations and inequalities) of this kind can often be reduced to a problem of a purely homotopy-theoretic nature. One says in this case that the corresponding differential relation satisfies the h-principle. Two famous examples of the h-principle, the Nash-Kuiper C^1-isometric embedding theory in Riemannian geometry and the Smale-Hirsch immersion theory in differential topology, were later transformed by Gromov into powerful general methods for establishing the h-principle.The authors cover two main methods for proving the h-principle: holonomic approximation and convex integration. The reader will find that, with a few notable exceptions, most instances of the h-principle can be treated by the methods considered here. A special emphasis is made on applications to symplectic and contact geometry.The present book is the first broadly accessible exposition of the theory and its applications, making it an excellent text for a graduate course on geometric methods for solving partial differential equations and inequalities. Geometers, topologists, and analysts will also find much value in this very readable exposition of an important and remarkable topic.This second edition of the book is significantly revised and expanded to almost twice of the original size. The most significant addition to the original book is the new part devoted to the method of wrinkling and its applications. Several other chapters (e.g., on multivalued holonomic approximation and foliations) are either added or completely rewritten.

One of the world's most creative mathematicians offers a new way to look at math--focusing on questions, not answers  Where do we learn math: From rules in a textbook? From logic and deduction? Not really, according to mathematician Eugenia Cheng: we learn it from human curiosity--most importantly, from asking questions. This may come as a surprise to those who think that math is about finding the one right answer, or those who were told that the "dumb" question they asked just proved they were bad at math. But Cheng shows why people who ask questions like "Why does 1 + 1 = 2?" are at the very heart of the search for mathematical truth.   Is Math Real? is a much-needed repudiation of the rigid ways we're taught to do math, and a celebration of the true, curious spirit of the discipline. Written with intelligence and passion, Is Math Real? brings us math as we've never seen it before, revealing how profound insights can emerge from seemingly unlikely sources.   

"This book is an elementary introduction to knot theory. Unlike many other books on knot theory, this book has practically no prerequisites; it requires only basic plane and spatial Euclidean geometry but no knowledge of topology or group theory. It contains the first elementary proof of the existence of the Alexander polynomial of a knot or a link based on the Conway axioms, particularly the Conway skein relation. The book also contains an elementary exposition of the Jones polynomial, HOMFLY polynomial and Vassiliev knot invariants constructed using the Kontsevich integral. Additionally, there is a lecture introducing the braid group and shows its connection with knots and links. Other important features of the book are the large number of original illustrations, numerous exercises and the absence of any references in the first eleven lectures. The last two lectures differ from the first eleven: they comprise a sketch of non-elementary topics and a brief history of the subject, including many references."--Provided by publisher.

This book is based largely on courses that the author taught at the Feinberg Graduate School of the Weizmann Institute. It conveys in a user-friendly way the basic and advanced techniques of linear algebra from the point of view of a working analyst. The techniques are illustrated by a wide sample of applications and examples that are chosen to highlight the tools of the trade. In short, this is material that the author has found to be useful in his own research and wishes that he had been exposed to as a graduate student.Roughly the first quarter of the book reviews the contents of a basic course in linear algebra, plus a little. The remaining chapters treat singular value decompositions, convexity, special classes of matrices, projections, assorted algorithms, and a number of applications. The applications are drawn from vector calculus, numerical analysis, control theory, complex analysis, convex optimization, and functional analysis. In particular, fixed point theorems, extremal problems, best approximations, matrix equations, zero location and eigenvalue location problems, matrices with nonnegative entries, and reproducing kernels are discussed.This new edition differs significantly from the second edition in both content and style. It includes a number of topics that did not appear in the earlier edition and excludes some that did. Moreover, most of the material that has been adapted from the earlier edition has been extensively rewritten and reorganized.

Very Short Introductions: Brilliant, sharp, inspiringThe 17th-century calculus of Newton and Leibniz was built on shaky foundations, and it wasn't until the 18th and 19th centuries that mathematicians--especially Bolzano, Cauchy, and Weierstrass--began to establish a rigorous basis for the subject. The resulting discipline is now known to mathematicians as analysis.This book, aimed at readers with some grounding in mathematics, describes the nascent evolution of mathematical analysis, its development as a subject in its own right, and its wide-ranging applications in mathematics and science, modelling reality from acoustics to fluid dynamics, from biological systems to quantum theory.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

The art of applying mathematics to real-world dynamical problems such as structural dynamics, fluid dynamics, wave dynamics, robot dynamics, etc. can be extremely challenging. Various aspects of mathematical modelling that may include deterministic or uncertain (fuzzy, interval, or stochastic) scenarios, along with integer or fractional order, are vital to understanding these dynamical systems. Mathematical Methods in Dynamical Systems offers problem-solving techniques and includes different analytical, semi-analytical, numerical, and machine intelligence methods for finding exact and/or approximate solutions of governing equations arising in dynamical systems. It provides a singular source of computationally efficient methods to investigate these systems and includes coverage of various industrial applications in a simple yet comprehensive way.

Mathematics for Physical Chemistry, Fifth Edition includes exercises that enable readers to test their understanding and put theory into practice. Chapters are constructed around a sequence of mathematical topics, progressing gradually into more advanced material, before discussing key mathematical skills, including the analysis of experimental data and--new to this edition--complex variables. Includes additional new content on Mathematica and its advanced applications. Drawing on the experience of its expert authors, this book is the ideal supplementary text for practicing chemists and students wanting to sharpen their mathematics skills and understanding of key mathematical concepts for applications across physical chemistry.

How to use math to improve performance and predict outcomes in professional sports Mathletics reveals the mathematical methods top coaches and managers use to evaluate players and improve team performance, and gives math enthusiasts the practical skills they need to enhance their understanding and enjoyment of their favorite sports--and maybe even gain the outside edge to winning bets. This second edition features new data, new players and teams, and new chapters on soccer, e-sports, golf, volleyball, gambling Calcuttas, analysis of camera data, Bayesian inference, ridge regression, and other statistical techniques. After reading Mathletics, you will understand why baseball teams should almost never bunt; why football overtime systems are unfair; why points, rebounds, and assists aren't enough to determine who's the NBA's best player; and more.

Covering an exceptional range of topics, this text provides a unique overview of the Maurer--Cartan methods in algebra, geometry, topology, and mathematical physics. It offers a new conceptual treatment of the twisting procedure, guiding the reader through various versions with the help of plentiful motivating examples for graduate students as well as researchers. Topics covered include a novel approach to the twisting procedure for operads leading to Kontsevich graph homology and a description of the twisting procedure for (homotopy) associative algebras or (homotopy) Lie algebras using the biggest deformation gauge group ever considered. The book concludes with concise surveys of recent applications in areas including higher category theory and deformation theory.

Providing a graduate-level introduction to discrete probability and its applications, this book develops a toolkit of essential techniques for analysing stochastic processes on graphs, other random discrete structures, and algorithms. Topics covered include the first and second moment methods, concentration inequalities, coupling and stochastic domination, martingales and potential theory, spectral methods, and branching processes. Each chapter expands on a fundamental technique, outlining common uses and showing them in action on simple examples and more substantial classical results. The focus is predominantly on non-asymptotic methods and results. All chapters provide a detailed background review section, plus exercises and signposts to the wider literature. Readers are assumed to have undergraduate-level linear algebra and basic real analysis, while prior exposure to graduate-level probability is recommended. This much-needed broad overview of discrete probability could serve as a textbook or as a reference for researchers in mathematics, statistics, data science, computer science and engineering.

Expanding upon the material delivered during the LMS Autumn Algebra School 2020, this volume reflects the fruitful connections between different aspects of representation theory. Each survey article addresses a specific subject from a modern angle, beginning with an exploration of the representation theory of associative algebras, followed by the coverage of important developments in Lie theory in the past two decades, before the final sections introduce the reader to three strikingly different aspects of group theory. Written at a level suitable for graduate students and researchers in related fields, this book provides pure mathematicians with a springboard into the vast and growing literature in each area.

A foundational account of a new construction in the p-adic Langlands correspondence Motivated by the p-adic Langlands program, this book constructs stacks that algebraize Mazur's formal deformation rings of local Galois representations. More precisely, it constructs Noetherian formal algebraic stacks over Spf Zp that parameterize étale (ϕ, Γ)-modules; the formal completions of these stacks at points in their special fibres recover the universal deformation rings of local Galois representations. These stacks are then used to show that all mod p representations of the absolute Galois group of a p-adic local field lift to characteristic zero, and indeed admit crystalline lifts. The book explicitly describes the irreducible components of the underlying reduced substacks and discusses the relationship between the geometry of these stacks and the Breuil-Mézard conjecture. Along the way, it proves a number of foundational results in p-adic Hodge theory that may be of independent interest.

Residue theory is an active area of complex analysis with connections and applications to fields as diverse as partial differential and integral equations, computer algebra, arithmetic or diophantine geometry, and mathematical physics. Multidimensional Residue Theory and Applications defines and studies multidimensional residues via analytic continuation for holomorphic bundle-valued current maps. This point of view offers versatility and flexibility to the tools and constructions proposed, allowing these residues to be defined and studied outside the classical case of complete intersection. The book goes on to show how these residues are algebraic in nature, and how they relate and apply to a wide range of situations, most notably to membership problems, such as the Briançon-Skoda theorem and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, to arithmetic intersection theory and to tropical geometry.This book will supersede the existing literature in this area, which dates back more than three decades. It will be appreciated by mathematicians and graduate students in multivariate complex analysis. But thanks to the gentle treatment of the one-dimensional case in Chapter 1 and the rich background material in the appendices, it may also be read by specialists in arithmetic, diophantine, or tropical geometry, as well as in mathematical physics or computer algebra.

Aimed at graduate students, this textbook provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to operator theory. Rather than discuss the subject in the abstract, this textbook covers the subject through twenty examples of a wide variety of operators, discussing the norm, spectrum, commutant, invariant subspaces, and interesting properties of each operator. The text is supplemented by over 600 end-of-chapter exercises, designed to help the reader master the topics covered in the chapter, as well as providing an opportunity to further explore the vast operator theory literature. Each chapter also contains well-researched historical facts which place each chapter within the broader context of the development of the field as a whole.

Optimal mass transport has emerged in the past three decades as an active field with wide-ranging connections to the calculus of variations, PDEs, and geometric analysis. This graduate-level introduction covers the field's theoretical foundation and key ideas in applications. By focusing on optimal mass transport problems in a Euclidean setting, the book is able to introduce concepts in a gradual, accessible way with minimal prerequisites, while remaining technically and conceptually complete. Working in a familiar context will help readers build geometric intuition quickly and give them a strong foundation in the subject. This book explores the relation between the Monge and Kantorovich transport problems, solving the former for both the linear transport cost (which is important in geometric applications) and for the quadratic transport cost (which is central in PDE applications), starting from the solution of the latter for arbitrary transport costs.

In pioneering work in the 1950s, S. Karlin and J. McGregor showed that probabilistic aspects of certain Markov processes can be studied by analyzing orthogonal eigenfunctions of associated operators. In the decades since, many authors have extended and deepened this surprising connection between orthogonal polynomials and stochastic processes. This book gives a comprehensive analysis of the spectral representation of the most important one-dimensional Markov processes, namely discrete-time birth-death chains, birth-death processes and diffusion processes. It brings together the main results from the extensive literature on the topic with detailed examples and applications. Also featuring an introduction to the basic theory of orthogonal polynomials and a selection of exercises at the end of each chapter, it is suitable for graduate students with a solid background in stochastic processes as well as researchers in orthogonal polynomials and special functions who want to learn about applications of their work to probability.

An essential guide to the ways data can improve decision making.   Statistics are everywhere: in news reports, at the doctor's office, and in every sort of forecast, from the stock market to the weather. Blogger, teacher, and computer scientist Allen B. Downey knows well that people have an innate ability both to understand statistics and to be fooled by them. As he makes clear in this accessible introduction to statistical thinking, the stakes are big. Simple misunderstandings have led to incorrect medical prognoses, underestimated the likelihood of large earthquakes, hindered social justice efforts, and resulted in dubious policy decisions. There are right and wrong ways to look at numbers, and Downey will help you see which are which.   Probably Overthinking It uses real data to delve into real examples with real consequences, drawing on cases from health campaigns, political movements, chess rankings, and more. He lays out common pitfalls--like the base rate fallacy, length-biased sampling, and Simpson's paradox--and shines a light on what we learn when we interpret data correctly, and what goes wrong when we don't. Using data visualizations instead of equations, he builds understanding from the basics to help you recognize errors, whether in your own thinking or in media reports. Even if you have never studied statistics--or if you have and forgot everything you learned--this book will offer new insight into the methods and measurements that help us understand the world.

How playwrights from Alfred Jarry and Samuel Beckett to Tom Stoppard and Simon McBurney brought the power of abstract mathematics to the human stage The discovery of alternate geometries, paradoxes of the infinite, incompleteness, and chaos theory revealed that, despite its reputation for certainty, mathematical truth is not immutable, perfect, or even perfectible. Beginning in the last century, a handful of adventurous playwrights took inspiration from the fractures of modern mathematics to expand their own artistic boundaries. Originating in the early avant-garde, mathematics-infused theater reached a popular apex in Tom Stoppard's 1993 play Arcadia. In The Proof Stage, mathematician Stephen Abbott explores this unlikely collaboration of theater and mathematics. He probes the impact of mathematics on such influential writers as Alfred Jarry, Samuel Beckett, Bertolt Brecht, and Stoppard, and delves into the life and mathematics of Alan Turing as they are rendered onstage. The result is an unexpected story about the mutually illuminating relationship between proofs and plays--from Euclid and Euripides to Gödel and Godot. Theater is uniquely poised to discover the soulful, human truths embedded in the austere theorems of mathematics, but this is a difficult feat. It took Stoppard twenty-five years of experimenting with the creative possibilities of mathematics before he succeeded in making fractal geometry and chaos theory integral to Arcadia's emotional arc. In addition to charting Stoppard's journey, Abbott examines the post-Arcadia wave of ambitious works by Michael Frayn, David Auburn, Simon McBurney, Snoo Wilson, John Mighton, and others. Collectively, these gifted playwrights transform the great philosophical upheavals of mathematics into profound and sometimes poignant revelations about the human journey.

The third edition of this practical introduction to Python has been thoroughly updated, with all code migrated to Jupyter notebooks. The notebooks are available online with executable versions of all of the book's content (and more). The text starts with a detailed introduction to the basics of the Python language, without assuming any prior knowledge. Building upon each other, the most important Python packages for numerical math (NumPy), symbolic math (SymPy), and plotting (Matplotlib) are introduced, with brand new chapters covering numerical methods (SciPy) and data handling (Pandas). Further new material includes guidelines for writing efficient Python code and publishing code for other users. Simple and concise code examples, revised for compatibility with Python 3, guide the reader and support the learning process throughout the book. Readers from all of the quantitative sciences, whatever their background, will be able to quickly acquire the skills needed for using Python effectively.

This text presents the basic theory of random walks on infinite, finitely generated groups, along with certain background material in measure-theoretic probability. The main objective is to show how structural features of a group, such as amenability/nonamenability, affect qualitative aspects of symmetric random walks on the group, such as transience/recurrence, speed, entropy, and existence or nonexistence of nonconstant, bounded harmonic functions. The book will be suitable as a textbook for beginning graduate-level courses or independent study by graduate students and advanced undergraduate students in mathematics with a solid grounding in measure theory and a basic familiarity with the elements of group theory. The first seven chapters could also be used as the basis for a short course covering the main results regarding transience/recurrence, decay of return probabilities, and speed. The book has been organized and written so as to be accessible not only to students in probability theory, but also to students whose primary interests are in geometry, ergodic theory, or geometric group theory.

The goal of this book is to introduce the reader to methodologies in recovery problems for objects, such as functions and signals, from partial or indirect information. The recovery of objects from a set of data demands key solvers of inverse and sampling problems. Until recently, connections between the mathematical areas of inverse problems and sampling were rather tenuous. However, advances in several areas of mathematical research have revealed deep common threads between them, which proves that there is a serious need for a unifying description of the underlying mathematical ideas and concepts. Freeden and Nashed present an integrated approach to resolution methodologies from the perspective of both these areas.Researchers in sampling theory will benefit from learning about inverse problems and regularization methods, while specialists in inverse problems will gain a better understanding of the point of view of sampling concepts. This book requires some basic knowledge of functional analysis, Fourier theory, geometric number theory, constructive approximation, and special function theory. By avoiding extreme technicalities and elaborate proof techniques, it is an accessible resource for students and researchers not only from applied mathematics, but also from all branches of engineering and science.

Rectifiable sets, measures, currents and varifolds are foundational concepts in geometric measure theory. The last four decades have seen the emergence of a wealth of connections between rectifiability and other areas of analysis and geometry, including deep links with the calculus of variations and complex and harmonic analysis. This short book provides an easily digestible overview of this wide and active field, including discussions of historical background, the basic theory in Euclidean and non-Euclidean settings, and the appearance of rectifiability in analysis and geometry. The author avoids complicated technical arguments and long proofs, instead giving the reader a flavour of each of the topics in turn while providing full references to the wider literature in an extensive bibliography. It is a perfect introduction to the area for researchers and graduate students, who will find much inspiration for their own research inside.

This book is an introduction to residuated structures, viewed as a common thread binding together algebra and logic. The framework includes well-studied structures from classical abstract algebra such as lattice-ordered groups and ideals of rings, as well as structures serving as algebraic semantics for substructural and other non-classical logics. Crucially, classes of these structures are studied both algebraically, yielding a rich structure theory along the lines of Conrad's program for lattice-ordered groups, and algorithmically, via analytic sequent or hypersequent calculi. These perspectives are related using a natural notion of equivalence for consequence relations that provides a bridge offering benefits to both sides. Algorithmic methods are used to establish properties like decidability, amalgamation, and generation by subclasses, while new insights into logical systems are obtained by studying associated classes of structures.The book is designed to serve the purposes of novices and experts alike. The first three chapters provide a gentle introduction to the subject, while subsequent chapters provide a state-of-the-art account of recent developments in the field.

R Programming for Actuarial Science Professional resource providing an introduction to R coding for actuarial and financial mathematics applications, with real-life examples R Programming for Actuarial Science provides a grounding in R programming applied to the mathematical and statistical methods that are of relevance for actuarial work. In R Programming for Actuarial Science, readers will find: Basic theory for each chapter to complement other actuarial textbooks which provide foundational theory in depth. Topics covered include compound interest, statistical inference, asset-liability matching, time series, loss distributions, contingencies, mortality models, and option pricing plus many more typically covered in university courses. More than 400 coding examples and exercises, most with solutions, to enable students to gain a better understanding of underlying mathematical and statistical principles. An overall basic to intermediate level of coverage in respect of numerous actuarial applications, and real-life examples included with every topic. Providing a highly useful combination of practical discussion and basic theory, R Programming for Actuarial Science is an essential reference for BSc/MSc students in actuarial science, trainee actuaries studying privately, and qualified actuaries with little programming experience, along with undergraduate students studying finance, business, and economics.

The analysis of eigenvalues of Laplace and Schrödinger operators is an important and classical topic in mathematical physics with many applications. This book presents a thorough introduction to the area, suitable for masters and graduate students, and includes an ample amount of background material on the spectral theory of linear operators in Hilbert spaces and on Sobolev space theory. Of particular interest is a family of inequalities by Lieb and Thirring on eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators, which they used in their proof of stability of matter. The final part of this book is devoted to the active research on sharp constants in these inequalities and contains state-of-the-art results, serving as a reference for experts and as a starting point for further research.

Sequence analysis (SA) was developed to study social processes that unfold over time as sequences of events. It has gained increasing attention as the availability of longitudinal data made it possible to address sequence-oriented questions. This volume introduces the basics of SA to guide practitioners and support instructors through the basic workflow of sequence analysis. In addition to the basics, thisbook outlinesrecent advances and innovations in SA. The presentation of statistical, substantive, and theoretical foundations is enriched by examples to help the reader understand the repercussionsof specific analytical choices. The extensive ancillary material supports self-learningbased on real-world surveydata and research questions from the field of life course research.

This book is a collection of applications of analytic techniques to a number of popular sports including baseball, basketball, hockey, Jai Alai, NFL football and horseracing. We focus on both the statistics of the sporting events and betting strategies on the events. The subject is fascinating as there are many twists and subtle complicated decisions.Sports analytics applies mathematical and statistical methods to important questions in the structure and performance of sporting activities using the same basic methods and approaches as data analysts in other disciplines.Sports games and events are a fruitful area for study and to evaluate betting strategies as there is extensive data and mean reversion. With prices changing continuously, risk arbitrage bets can be made. Moreover, little errors, like a penalty to a player or an error in a call by a referee, can change the score of a game and corresponding betting prices. The collection and analysis of in-game data can inform players, coaches and staff on effective decision making during sporting events.Novel features of the book include: an analysis of who were the greatest baseball batters; analyses of the players most important to team success (and they are not necessarily the best players) in basketball, NFL football and hockey; a tutorial on risk arbitrage and its applications to NFL football and NBA basketball; a discussion of many ad hoc decision rules by coaches and players and what was really optimal; in the racing section we discuss breeding, the analysis of various bets like the Rainbow and ordinary Pick 6, a discussion and betting on the most important races and a visit to the Breeders' Cup with Ed Thorp to demonstrate the place and show system in action.

A pioneering new nonlinear approach to a fundamental question in algebraic geometry One of the crowning achievements of nineteenth-century mathematics was the proof that the geometry of lines in space uniquely determines the Cartesian coordinates, up to a linear ambiguity. What Determines an Algebraic Variety? develops a nonlinear version of this theory, offering the first nonlinear generalization of the seminal work of Veblen and Young in a century. While the book uses cutting-edge techniques, the statements of its theorems would have been understandable a century ago; despite this, the results are totally unexpected. Putting geometry first in algebraic geometry, the book provides a new perspective on a classical theorem of fundamental importance to a wide range of fields in mathematics. Starting with basic observations, the book shows how to read off various properties of a variety from its geometry. The results get stronger as the dimension increases. The main result then says that a normal projective variety of dimension at least 4 over a field of characteristic 0 is completely determined by its Zariski topological space. There are many open questions in dimensions 2 and 3, and in positive characteristic.